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Early Modern England > Treaties, Acts, Events > Flashcards

Treaties, Acts, Events Flashcards

1
Q

Sumptuary Laws

A
  • Laws in place restricting luxury in apparel and food for all EXCEPT certain noble ranks and higher.
  • Ex. None shall wear any velvet gowns EXCEPT the wife’s of barons sons, knights, and all above.
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2
Q

Treaty of Medina del Campo, 1489

A
  • The marriage treaty between Arthur, Prince of Wales and Catherine of Aragon
  • It promises that England would support Spain in the event of a war with France
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3
Q

Treaty of London, 1518

A

A Franco-English peace agreement orchestrated by Cardinal Wolsey

It included:
- A Nonaggression pact
- English return territory won in 1513 (but keep Calais as usual)
- France promises NOT to help the Scots

But, this treaty never lasts.

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4
Q

Field of the Cloth of Gold

A
  • A 1520 Anglo-French peace summit
    Diplomatic spectacle and festival
  • Loads of money poured into it: golden lined tents, sports, food, etc.
  • All the English nobility was sent alongside Henry and Catherine
  • Henry and Francis actually wrestled (Henry lost)
    Orchestrated through the 1518 Treaty of London
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5
Q

The King’s Great Matter

A

Henry VIII’s desire and process for the divorce of his wife, the Queen, Katherine of Aragon

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6
Q

Richard Hunne’s case

A
  • 1511-1514
  • Richard Hunne was a Lollard
  • His infant son died, and he refused to pay a burial fee to the Church
  • The Priest took him to Church court (being a case of debt)
  • Hunne reverses the case, and accuses the Church of Preamunire (for their loyalty to a foreign power, Rome)
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7
Q

1401 Heresy Act

A
  • Declared that acts of Heresy would be punishable by being burnt at the stake
  • Act was aimed towards Lollards
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8
Q

Reformation Parliaments

A
  • A set of Parliaments called in between 1529-1536 tasked with passing the legal framework for the English reformation and the break away from the Papacy in Rome
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9
Q

First Statute of Annates

A
  • Tradition had it that bishops gave 3/4 of their initial year’s salary to the Pope
  • Henry BANNED this
  • Instead, that 3/4 initial year fee is given to the King
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10
Q

1553 Act in Restraint of Appeals

A
  • Prohibits the use of courts outside England
  • AKA no more appeals to Rome
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11
Q

1534 Act of Supremacy

A
  • Henry gets Parliament to recognize the King as the supreme head of the Church of England (NOT the Pope)
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12
Q

1534 act of Succession

A

Henry forced all to recognize Elizabeth as heir to the throne, NOT Mary

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13
Q

1534 Treason Act

A

Words against the king now count as treason as well

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14
Q

Pilgrimage of Grace

A

Anti-Reformists did an armed march with Catholic iconography (partly as well, for economic hardships)

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15
Q

6 articles of faith

A
  • 1539
  • A composition of 6 Catholic beliefs by Henry VIII
  • Declared that if these Catholic beliefs be violated, it was punishable by law
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16
Q

Act of Uniformity, 1549

A
  • Edward VI
  • The uniform enforcing of the Book of Common Prayer
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17
Q

42 Articles of Faith

A
  • 1552
  • Declared that you go to heaven for your FAITH and FAITH ALONE
  • Rejected purgatory and transubstantiation
  • Reinforced the PROTESTANT reformation of England
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18
Q

1549 Kett’s rebellion

A
  • Economic hardships
  • Anger at the slow progress of the Reformation in the east
  • Edward VI’s neglecting of East Anglia
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19
Q

Wyatt’s Rebellion (1554)

A
  • Attempt to dethrone Mary and put her half sister, Elizabeth, on the throne
  • It forces Mary I to finally execute Lady Jane Grey
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20
Q

John Foxe’s “Actes and Monuments”

A

It was a (slightly overexaggerated) rant against Mary’s persecution of Protestants

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21
Q

Act of Uniformity (1558)

A
  • A 12 pence fine for each time one didn’t attend Church
  • Introduced by Elizabeth
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22
Q

39 Articles of Faith

A
  • 1563
  • An upgraded rule book of Elizabethan Protestantism
  • Based on CALVINIST doctrine and Catholic appearance
  • AKA a more Calvinist reinstating of Henry’s old 42 Articles of Faith
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23
Q

Scottish Protestant Rebellion in 1559

A

Causes:

  • Mary of Guise gave all high court positions to Catholic French nobles
  • Scottish nobles got furious that foreigners held higher offices in their own country
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24
Q

Treaty of Edinburgh, 1560

A
  • Eases relations with the English and Scots
  • Scottish agree to stop the Auld Alliance, withdrawal French troops in Scotland and enact religious toleration
  • Mary is asked to recognize Elizabeth I as ruler, but she refuses.
  • Ends French influence in Scotland
  • Allowed for the solidification of Protestantism in Scotland
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25
Q

Ridolfi Plot 1571

A

another major failed plot for a Spanish invasion of England and a Catholic takeover

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26
Q

Engrossment

A

Getting/acquiring more land

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27
Q

1543 Treaty of Greenwich

A
  • Mend Anglo-Scottish tensions by trying to merge the Tudors and Stuarts
  • Mary, Queen of Scots is asked to grow up in England
  • The Scots refuse this, so Henry VIII invades
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28
Q

The Rough Wooing

A
  • A war between the English and Scots from 1544-1548
  • French involvement on the Scottish side (troops sent)
  • Franco-Scottish victory
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29
Q

1563 Act of Union

A

Henry VIII’s bringing of Wales under his direct rule

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30
Q

Surrender and Regrant

A
  • The most successful thing the Tudors did in Ireland
  • They made Gallic nobles give their lands in paper to the King
  • The King then promised to re-grant their lands and give them proper English noble titles
  • This tricked the Irish into accepting the King as ruler of their lands
  • It shakes the foundations of the Irish loyalty to their lords/clans
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31
Q

Nine Years War (1594-1603)

A
  • An Irish reaction to English extensions of control and incursions in Ireland (like Plantations)
  • Seen as a Catholic rebellion against the English
  • Led by Hugh O’Neil (former Earl of Tyrone)
  • Spanish troops intervene and land in Ireland to help the rebels
  • Costs the English 2 million £ to put down
  • Why is it important? –> The Irish lose, and it permits the full English military control of Ireland (but at a huge cost)
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32
Q

Flight of the Earls, 1607

A
  • When a bunch of Northern Irish Catholic nobles flee Ulster and go to the continent (i.e. Rome)

-The English confiscate the lands of the fleeing nobles and repopulate Ulster with Protestant plantations

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33
Q

Penal Laws in Ireland

A
  • Laws taking rights away from Irish Catholics
  • Ex. If a family had all Catholic sons, their land is divided equally among them
  • BUT, if the eldest son becomes Protestant, he inherits ALL the land
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34
Q

John Bate’s Case, 1606

A
  • John Bates imported red current berries from Turkey
  • King added an imposition on the berries
  • Bates refused to pay
  • The case was brought to court, but the verdict went in favour of the crown
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35
Q

The Great Contract (1610)

A
  • Proposition to Parliament suggested by Sir. Robert Cecil
  • To get around the feud between King and Parliament, he declares that the king will give up Purveyance and Wardship if Parliament gives him 200 000 £ a year to fund the Royal Household
  • Parliament rejects this
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36
Q

The Hampton Court Conference, 1604

A
  • James’ meeting with Protestant Puritans and Bishops of the Church of England
  • Puritans are mad since James wants a hierarchical Church
  • Catholics are disappointed with the lack of toleration they get
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37
Q

The Spanish Match (1614-23)

A
  • Charles I planned marriage to the Infanta Maria of Spain
  • This falls through when Charles and Buckingham are caught disguised in an attempt to visit her before the marriage
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38
Q

1626 Parliament

A
  • Charles takes the blame for Cadiz instead of Buckingham
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39
Q

Five Knights Case, 1627

A

Five Knights (Gents) refused to pay Charles’ forced loan
- So, Charles imprisons them
- The Five Knights demand Habeas Corpus
- In the ensuing court case, the court ended up in favour of the King, keeping the 5 men in prison

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40
Q

Petition of Right, 1628

A
  1. Nobody can be forced to pay a tax NOT authorized by Parliament
  2. Habeas Corpus
  3. No billeting of armed forces without consent of homeowner
  4. No civilian is subject to Martial Law
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41
Q

1628 Parliament

A

Charles I dissolves parliament in order to stop them from impeaching Buckingham

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42
Q

1629 Parliament

A
  • Charles asks for more money, parliament says no
  • MPs hold down the speaker when Charles tries to dissolve parliament
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43
Q

Charles’ Personal Rule

A
  • The period where Charles ruled without calling parliament
  • 11 years (1629-1640)
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44
Q

“Policy of Thorough”

A
  • A thorough examination of the nation’s finances
  • Charles gets government to kick out useless offices
  • Charles STOPS his extravagant expenditure on art
  • He has his government go through all the medieval books to find old revenues and taxes from which to collect
  • Example: Ship Money
45
Q

Ship Money

A
  • Levied in 1536
  • An old tax for coastal regions to raise money to defend the coast against invasion
  • Charles applied this to EVERY region, not just the coastal ones
  • In 1536, 90% of people paid Ship Money
    Later on, this decreased to only 20%
46
Q

Common Book of Prayer, 1637

A
  • 1637
  • Charles and Laud enforce it in England and Scotland
  • Sparks outrage, causes the Bishop’s Wars
47
Q

National Covenant of 1638

A
  • A Scottish document listing all the fears of Catholicism returning
    Protests against religious changes done without consultation (i.e Common Book of Prayer)
    Around 300 000 people signed it
    This expels Bishops from the Catholic Church
    Charles sees this as rebellion, and acts (Starts the Bishops Wars)
48
Q

1640 Treaty of Ripon

A
  • Ends the Bishop’s wars
  • Scots demand £850 per day until a final peace is secured
  • Scots get Newcastle
  • Scottish army gets to stay camped in Northern England
49
Q

Short Parliament of 1640

A
  • Charles demands money from Parliament to pay off the Scots, who are encamped in Northern England
  • Parliament sees this as Charles’ screw up, NOT theirs
  • Charles is furious, and dissolves Parliament again
50
Q

Long Parliament of 1640

A
  • Called in the summer of 1640 because Charles still needed money for the Scots
  • Parliament, in turn, makes demands to Charles:
    1. Ban Non-Parliamentary taxes
    2. Respect the Triennial Act 1641
    3. Abolition of Ecclesiastical courts
    4. William Laud must be tried as a criminal
51
Q

Grand Remonstrance, 1641

A
  • A long, detailed indictment from Parliament of all that Charles has done wrong during his reign
  • Charles, along with armed soldiers, march to the House of Commons to arrest the 5 MPs responsible for the document
  • The MPs manage to escape
  • This is the last time a King has entered the House of Commons
52
Q

Irish Rebellion of 1641

A
  • Catholic rebellion against oppressions from the last 30 years
  • Fears that English or Covenants would invade Ireland
  • 4000 Protestant settlers are killed
    Importance:
  • English media overexaggerates the number of Protestant deaths
  • This creates further urgency for Charles’ needing of funds from the Long Parliament
53
Q

Confederation of Kilkenny

A

Irish plan to give Charles I a humiliating settlement
AKA. Do what the Scots did at Ripon

54
Q

Self-Denying Ordinance of 1645

A
  • When all MPs and Lords had to give up their post in the army
  • Why? None of them were skilled military strategists
  • One of the exceptions: Cromwell
55
Q

Pride’s Purge, 1648

A
  • Colonel Thomas Pride moves in with his men and gets rid of conservative parliamentarians (aka peace party members)
  • Creates the radical Rump parliament
56
Q

Putney debates

A
  • 1647
  • Political debate WITHIN the Army itself about what should be done with the king
  • Inconclusive results, but showed a great surge of liberalism
57
Q

Sacking of Drogheda

A
  • Drogheda 1649
  • One of Cromwell’s worst massacres in his Irish conquest
  • 700–800 civilians killed (only 300 of which were Royalists)
58
Q

1652 Act of Settlement

A
  • Cromwell pays his soldiers and “adventurers” (English loaners for the campaign) with Irish land plots
  • All Catholics 1 mile of the coast, or the river Shanon were to be killed if caught (100 000 Catholics liable to death by this)
  • 400 000 Catholics dispossessed of their lands
  • No Catholics allowed in the provinces of Ulster, Leinster, or Munster
  • All Catholics herded into the province of Connaught (rocky, unfarmable)
59
Q

Battle of Worcester, 1651

A
  • Where Charles II is initially defeated by Cromwell
  • Charles II hides in the “Royal Oak” tree to avoid capture
60
Q

Declaration of the Army to the Lord General Cromwell for the Dissolving of this Present Parliament

A
  • A demand from the army to Cromwell to dissolve the Rump Parliament
  • Called for fresh elections, and the purging of unwanted men
61
Q

Barebones Parliament

A
  • Representatives from England, Ireland, Scotland
  • ONLY composed of Godly men
  • It is a huge flop
  • Most members march out, and return full loyalty to Cromwell
  • It was the English Commonwealth’s last attempt to find a stable political form before Oliver Cromwell became Lord Protector
62
Q

The Instrument of Government, 1653

A
  • England’s first ever written constitution
  • Cromwell is Lord Protector of all three kingdoms (he could name a successor after death)
  • Parliamentary elections every 3 years
  • Parliament members had to have land worth a
    minimum of £200 (aka. you had to be rich to be in parliament now)(Conservative shift)
  • Individuality in religious congregations for all Protestant Dissenters
  • Allowed Jews to return to England for the first time since Edward I
  • Standing Army of 30 000
63
Q

Cromwell’s Martial Rule

A
  • England divided into 12 military districts
  • Each district supervised by a major-general
  • These generals spied on Royalists, Presbyterians, etc.
  • They also enforced against drunkenness, Sunday sports, swearing, whoring, etc.)
  • They even barred Christmas celebrations sometimes
64
Q

What was the Humble Petition and Advice, 1657

A
  • Main purpose was to make Cromwell King
  • Created an “Upper House” (euphemism for House of Lords)
  • Reduced the right to vote of Parliament
65
Q

Declaration of Breda in 1660

A
  • Amnesty to civil war participants
  • Freedom of religion (unclear what he meant by this)
  • Recognition of land sales since 1642 (aka, even land stolen from Charles I was to remain in the current owner’s hands)
66
Q

The Convention Parliament

A
  • Establishes the terms for Charles IIs restoration in 1660
67
Q

1661 Militia Act

A
  • Disbands the New Model Army
  • Gave Charles II control over the Army
  • Importance: It shows a greater amount of trust in the King from Parliament
68
Q

Clarendon/Cavalier Code

A
  • 1661-65
  • Pushed by the Cavalier Parliament
  • Program to root Puritans out of churches, schools, public life, etc.
  • Named after the Earl of Clarendon (Edward Hyde)
69
Q

Corporation Act 1661

A

All city officials had to take Anglican communion

70
Q

Act of Uniformity, 1662

A
  • Re-introduces money fines for not showing up to Anglican Church services
  • Forces teachers and priests to swear to the Book of Common Prayer
  • Imprisoning people for conducting non-Anglican church services
71
Q

Quaker Act, 1662

A
  • Made it illegal to REFUSE to swear an oath in court
  • Clearly oriented towards Quakers
  • 50 000 Quakers imprisoned for not swearing an oath in court
72
Q

Licensing Act 1662

A
  • Printing censorship restored
  • Censored religious writings
73
Q

What is the Five-Mile Act, 1665

A
  • Makes it illegal for dissenters to preach in a 5-mile radius from an Anglican Church
  • Without saying it’s illegal to be a dissenter, they make it illegal to have a job, worship near a town, etc.
74
Q

Treaty of Dover, 1670

A
  • Alliance between the French and English against the Dutch
  • France, blocked by the Dutch, ask the English to go to war against the Dutch
  • In return, France would pay the English for their war effort
  • The Dutch have also become England’s rivals

INCLUDED SECRET TERMS BETWEEN CHARLES II AND LOUIS:
- Charles II promised the French to publically convert to Catholicism
- In return, Charles II gets £100 000
- French also agree to send troops to help Charles for any revolts against him when he converts

75
Q

Declaration of Indulgence, 1672

A
  • An act of Religious Toleration by Charles II
  • Charles II suspends penalties against Catholics and non-conformists
  • Passed by Charles IIs dispensing power
76
Q

1673 parliament

A
  • Charles II asks parliament for money to fund the Third Anglo-Dutch War
  • BUT, parliament, unhappy with the declaration of indulgence, refuses to give him money
  • Parliament refuses to acknowledge the King’s right to suspend restrictions on Catholics
77
Q

1673 Test Act

A

Demands all office holders in England to:
- Go to church as an Anglican
- Deny Transubstantiation

  • You only had to take communion as an Anglican ONCE a year, for the rest of the year, you are free to practice other sects

This didn’t apply to Catholics

78
Q

Exclusion Crisis (1679-81)

A
  • The attempt by the Whigs to exclude James from succeeding the throne after Charles II
  • 3 parliaments called
  • But the Whigs failed to get an exclusion bill
  • Importance: This spawns the Whigs and the Tories
79
Q

Rye House Plot, 1683

A
  • Assassination attempt on Charles II and his brother James, Duke of York
  • It was supposed to be an assassination at the Rye House Horse Race
  • But, the Horse Race was cancelled, so Charles and James never showed up
80
Q

Monmouth’s Rebellion of 1685

A
  • It was the last popular rebellion in England
  • This gives James authorization to keep his own standing army
  • James’ severity in cracking down on the rebellion shows the heavy-handed nature of his rule
81
Q

Bloody Assizes, 1685

A
  • The trials of all those who had participated in Monmouth’s Rebellion
  • Assize means travelling court
  • Very quick, brutal and merciless trials
82
Q

Godden vs. Hales Case

A
  • Hales was a Catholic army officer appointed by James
  • Godden was Hales’ servant
  • Godden takes Hales to court, claiming that he couldn’t be Catholic and an army officer
  • The court goes in favour of Hales, thus affirming James’ dispensing power
83
Q

Declaration of Indulgences, 1687

A
  • James II
  • Loosens restrictions on Catholics and Dissenters
  • It allows people to choose freely between worshipping at home or at church
  • He forces Anglican priests to read this declaration
84
Q

2nd Declaration of Indulgence, 1688

A

→James demands the Declaration, again, to be read at every Anglican Church
→ But, this time, most refuse
→ 7 Bishops (including James’ own archbishop of Canterbury) are imprisoned for not reading the declaration

85
Q

Immortal Seven

A

7 powerful Tories and Whigs that write to William of Orange to help protect Protestantism, their property, and to investigate the legitimacy of James’ son

86
Q

Declaration of Rights, 1689

A
  • A list of everything James II had done wrong
  • William and Mary are made to accept it upon ascending to the throne
87
Q

What was the Bill of Rights? (1689)

A
  • Basically, a limitation on Royal Power
  • An act declaring the Rights of subjects and the succession of the throne

Terms:
- Prevents a Catholic monarch from ever ruling again
- Abolishes Dispensing Power of the King
- Parliament could override a royal pardon
- Parliament had to be called regularly
- NO non-Parliamentary taxes

Acronym: NAPPP

Succession:
Said that if WIlliam and Mary had NO children, succession would go to Mary’s younger sister, Anne

88
Q

Act of Toleration, 1689

A
  • William and Mary
  • All Protestant groups believing in the Holy Trinity are recognized
  • Dissenters are tolerated as long as they didn’t lock their meeting houses
  • All HAD to adhere to the 39 articles of faith
  • BUT Catholics are fully ignored and omitted from this
89
Q

Treaty of Limerick, 1691

A
  • Ended the Williamite Wars
  • William offers very liberal terms to the Jacobites
  • William allows James’ soldiers to flee safely to France
  • Those Jacobites who remained, would also be secure with their land and jobs
90
Q

1659 Penal Laws in Ireland

A

Set of restrictions on Irish Catholics

No Irish Catholics can:
- Own a weapon
- Get education on the continent
- Run their own schools
- Catholic clergy in Ireland banned
- Primogeniture is banned for Irish Catholics
- Irish Catholics are second class citizens

91
Q

The “Killing Time”, 1685

A
  • Scotland
  • The lynching and execution of Scottish Presbyterians under the Catholic James II
92
Q

Pacification of the Highlands

A
  • Attempt by the government to root out the Jacobites in the Scottish Highlands
  • They said that all Scottish chieftains had to swear an oath of allegiance to William and Mary
  • Culminates in the Glencoe Massacre
93
Q

Glencoe Massacre, 1692

A
  • 1692
  • William has the Cambells massacre the Macdonalds for pledging allegiance a day late, in defiance
  • It is used by the Jacobites to justify the illegitimacy and evil nature of the new English rule
94
Q

Blue Water Strategy

A
  • England should rely on its navy, and NOT intervene in European land conflicts
  • Keep the Blue Water between England and the rest of Europe
  • Tories wanted this
95
Q

Junto

A

The council of 5 Whig leaders supporting William’s war

96
Q

1697 Treaty of Ryswick

A
  • Ends the Nine Years War
  • Treaty between England and France
  • Louis agreed to return territory taken since 1679
  • Louis also recognizes William as the rightful king of England
  • BUT, Louis refuses to kick James out of French protection and territory
97
Q

Land Tax, 1693

A
  • Landowners had to pay 20% tax on the land they owned

-Local JPs undervalued their friends lands, so they had to pay less taxes

98
Q

Financial Revolution

A
  • Charles Montagu pioneered it
  • Founded the Funded National Debt and the Bank of England

Importance:
- Allows government to raise a lot of money very quickly
- More money meant better supplying of William’s army
- Creation of the Financier (Money Men) They are the first to make money solely out of exploiting credit
- Ensures Britain’s military domination of Europe
- Increases Parliamentary power over the crown
- Increases the size of the Government and Military

99
Q

1701 Act of Settlement

A
  • Declares that crown goes to Sophia, electress of Hanover (Granddaughter of James I) and then to her grandson George
  • New laws for a foreign monarch:
  • If the new monarch is foreign, they cannot declare a war to defend foreign territory without parliament’s consent
  • They need Parliament’s consent to even leave the country
  • No king from henceforth can grant a royal pardon to anyone who has been impeached by Parliament
100
Q

Battle of Blenheim, 1704

A
  • Saved Vienna
  • Prevented the collapse of the Anglo-Dutch alliance
  • The French fled the field of battle, something they were not known to do
  • Made possible by Malburough’s forced march from Belgium to Vienna
101
Q

1701 Act of Union

A
  • Pushed forward by Whigs
  • Union of Scotland and England under Anne I
  • Scots had to abolish their parliament
  • But got to keep their church
102
Q

Scottish Act of Security, 1705

A
  • Scots refuse to recognize the succession of the House of Hanover from the 1701 Act of Settlement as being applicable to them
  • English were afraid that the Scots might name James III as King of Scotland
103
Q

Treaty of Utrecht, 1713

A
  • Ends the Spanish War of Succession
  • Britain gains territory in North America (Newfoundland, Rupert’s land, Nova Scotia)
  • Gibraltar ceded from Spain to Britain
  • Philip of Anjou is King of Spain, BUT renounces the French throne
  • France and Spain recognized Hanoverian succession to Britain
  • Britain won the 30-year monopoly of “Asiento de Negros” (selling African slaves to Spain)
104
Q

Septennial Act, 1716

A
  • Enacted by the Whigs
  • Said that parliament had to have new elections every 7 years (instead of the previous 3)
  • This made elections much more expensive
105
Q

Strict Settlement

A
  • Kept large estates intact over generations, prevented owner from selling lands
  • Why is this done? → Because one of the aspects of the aristocracy is to not show a reaction when wealth is lost. So, it was a symbol of power to gamble a family estate, for example.
  • This was such a problem that they had to make selling property like this illegal for aristocrats
106
Q

Navigation Acts 1651

A
  • Any trade to the English colony had to be done through English ships, crews, and ports
  • Created a monopoly for English merchants
  • This protected English trade
107
Q

Penny Post

A
  • 1680
  • Invented by William Dockwra
  • Allowed people to send mail weighing anything up to 1 lb to be sent for 1 penny
  • Revolution in communication
  • In London, there are 4-5 Post Office delivery runs per day
108
Q

What is the difference between the King’s Dispensing power, and Suspending power?

A
  • The King’s suspending power erased the action of the law altogether
  • The dispensing power excepted named persons from the action of law in specific cases

Early Modern England (14 decks)

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