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Early Modern England > Civil War > Flashcards

Civil War Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: Charles had a standing army.

A

FALSE

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2
Q

What is the main financial issue during Charles’ rule?

A
  • Charles lacks any real financial power
  • He needs to solely rely on Parliament
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3
Q

What is the beaurocratic problem Charles has to deal with?

A
  • Municipal governments are unpaid beaurocrats
  • So, the King has to rely on their goodwill towards him
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4
Q

Describe the 1627-29 Anglo-French War:

A
  • English find disaster at La Rochelle
  • English try to support the Huguenots
  • Largely a naval war
  • It all goes horribly for the English from the start
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5
Q

What was the “Policy of Thorough”?

A
  • A thorough examination of the nation’s finances
  • Charles gets government to kick out useless offices
  • Charles STOPS his extravagant expenditure on art
  • He has his government go through all the medieval books to find old revenues and taxes from which to collect
  • Example: Ship Money
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6
Q

What was Ship Money?

A

Levied by Charles in 1536

  • An old tax for coastal regions to raise money to defend the coast against invasion
  • Charles applied this to EVERY region, not just the coastal ones
  • In 1536, 90% of people paid Ship Money
  • Later on, this decreased to only 20%
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7
Q

What decade was seen as a glory time for the gentry?

A

1630s

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8
Q

What did Charles do to incite religious outrage in Scotland?

A
  • Charles enforced Laud’s Common Book of Prayer in 1637, without consulting anybody
  • Presbyterians are outraged, and see this as a reinstating of Papal ways
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9
Q

Why did Charles enforce the Common Book of Prayer?

A
  • He wanted religious uniformity
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10
Q

What occurred at the Edinburgh Cathedral when the Book of Common Prayer was first read?

A
  • Women threw stools at the pastor
  • People were outraged
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11
Q

What was the National Covenant of 1638?

A
  • A Scottish document listing all the fears of Catholicism returning
  • Protests against religious changes done without consultation (i.e Common Book of Prayer)
  • Around 300 000 people signed it
  • This expels Bishops from the Catholic Church
  • Charles sees this as rebellion, and acts (Starts the Bishops Wars)
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12
Q

Why are the Scots so militarily superior to Charles’ invading English army during the Bishop’s Wars?

A
  • Many Scots had been fighting as mercenaries in the Thirty Years War
  • Further, the Scots saw this as a religious crusade, and thus were more motivated
  • Many of the English were sympathetic to the Covenanters cause
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13
Q

When were the Bishop’s Wars?

A

1639-40

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14
Q

What treaty ended the Bishop’s Wars?

A

Treaty of Ripon, 1640

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15
Q

What are the terms of the 1640 Treaty of Ripon?

A
  • King has to give the Scots £850 a day until peace is secured
  • Scots control Newcastle
  • Scottish army stays encamped in Northern England
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16
Q

Why is the Short Parliament of 1640 called?

A

Because Charles needs more money to fund the Treaty of Ripon with the Scots

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17
Q

What occurs at the Short Parliament of 1640?

A
  • Charles demands money from Parliament to pay off the Scots, who are encamped in Northern England
  • Parliament sees this as Charles’ screw up, NOT theirs
  • Charles is furious, and dissolves Parliament again
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18
Q

Why was the Long Parliament called in summer 1640?

A
  • Called in the summer of 1640 because Charles still needed money for the Scots
  • Technically it lasts until 1660 (but not in practice)
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19
Q

What is significant about the Long Parliament?

A
  • First time elections to parliament were contested
  • Some pro-Royal, some anti-Royal (but none at the extent of anti-king quite yet)
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20
Q

What demands does the Long Parliament make to Charles?

A
  • Ban Non-Parliamentary taxes
  • Respect the Triennial Act 1641
  • Abolition of Ecclesiastical courts
  • William Laud must be tried as a criminal
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21
Q

Why did Charles “agree” to all the demands of the Long Parliament? Did he plan on adhering to them?

A
  • Scottish army was still in England
  • Charles had NO intention of actually keeping these promises
  • In his view, if he were to actually follow through with these, it would to be against God
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22
Q

What were the widespread feelings of Parliamentarians at the onset of the war? (3)

A
  1. Suspicion of the King’s sincerity in his promises
  2. Fear of eventual revenge for what they had achieved
  3. Hatred of Catholicism
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23
Q

Typically, the most radical Royalists in Parliament were:

A

Anglicans

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24
Q

What is the Grand Remonstrance, 1641?

A

A long, detailed indictment of all that Charles has done wrong during his reign

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25
Q

What are the 2 demands of the Grand Remonstrance?

A
  1. Parliament has to approve the King’s cabinet ministers
  2. The King must call a general meeting (Synod) of the Church for a general reform
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26
Q

True or False: The vote on the Grand Remonstrance in Parliament was very close

A

TRUE

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27
Q

How does the King react to the Grand Remonstrance?

A
  • He, along with armed soldiers, march to the House of Commons to arrest the 5 MPs responsible for the document
  • The MPs manage to escape
  • This is the last time a King has entered the House of Commons
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28
Q

Who was the most notable of the 5 MPs who pushed forth the Grand Remonstrance?

A

John Pym

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29
Q

What was the Irish Rebellion of 1641, and why is it important?

A
  • Catholic rebellion against oppressions from the last 30 years
  • Fears that English or Covenants would invade Ireland
  • 4000 Protestant settlers are killed

Importance:

  • English media overexaggerates the number of Protestant deaths
  • This creates further urgency for Charles’ needing of funds from the Long Parliament
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30
Q

What was the Confederation of Kilkenny?

A
  • Irish plan to give Charles I a humiliating settlement
  • AKA. Do what the Scots did at Ripon
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31
Q

When and Where does Charles I raise his standard for war?

A

Nottingham

22 August 1642

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32
Q

Describe geographic allegiances to the Roundheads and Cavaliers:

A
  • Roundheads held London, and most industrial cities, particularly in the South-East
  • Cavaliers held the countryside, particularly in the North and West
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33
Q

True or False: All aristocrats sided with Charles.

A

FALSE

Most, but not all

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34
Q

What is the main difficulty in fighting the King?

A
  • Even if they beat the King in battle 100 times, he is still king
  • BUT, if the Roundheads lose even ONCE, they will be hanged as traitors
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35
Q

What title did Oliver Cromwell adopt instead of King?

A

Lord Protector

36
Q

What social rank was Cromwell initially?

A

Provincial gentleman

37
Q

Which battle best demonstrated Cromwell’s strategic brilliance?

A

Marston Moor, 1644

38
Q

Cromwell was a skilled ____________ commander:

A

Cavalry

39
Q

What was the Self-Denying Ordinance of 1645?

A
  • When all MPs and Lords had to give up their post in the army
  • Why? None of them were skilled military strategists
  • One of the exceptions: Cromwell
40
Q

In what year was the New Model Army created?

A

1645

41
Q

How was promotion based in the New Model Army?

A
  • Based solely on merit
42
Q

Why did the people generally like the New Model Army?

A
  • They reimbursed (mostly) the villagers for any food or supplies they requisitioned
43
Q

In which major engagement was the King defeated in battle?

A

Naesby 1645

44
Q

What did the Peace Party in Parliament want?

A
  • To settle a peace with the King and negotiate any settlement
45
Q

What did the War Party in Parliament want?

A
  • They want RADICAL change
  • They see war as the opportunity to do so
  • They want to kick out all bishops, prodigy, etc.
  • They want major church reforms
46
Q

What did the New Model Army want?

A
  • They want to be the ones who decide what happens with the King, since they were the ones who fought for it
47
Q

Where is Charles I imprisoned when captured?

A

Isle of Wight

48
Q

What do the Scots do when Charles surrenders himself to them in 1647?

A
  • They ransom him to the English Parliament
49
Q

What are the members of the Peace Party alternatively nicknamed?

A

Parliamentary Presbyterians

50
Q

What are members of the War Party nicknamed?

A

Independents

51
Q

What church and political reforms did the War Party want?

A
  • Congregationalism (Each individual church should decide what sect they wanted to practice, NOT uniformity)
  • The lowest and the highest person in the realm should both have a stake in the country
52
Q

In which treaty did Parliament and Charles continue negotiations after his capture?

A

Treaty of Newport, 1648

53
Q

Who is kicked out of parliament during Pride’s Purge in 1648?

A
  • The Peace Party, and all those who want to negotiate with Charles
  • Colonel Thomas Pride moves in with his men and gets rid of conservative parliamentarians
  • AKA, it radicalizes parliament
54
Q

What does Pride’s Purge create?

A

The Rump Parliament

55
Q

Which parliament decided that the King should be tried?

A

The Rump Parliament

56
Q

What body refused to participate in Charles I Trial?

A

House of Lords

57
Q

What is the King’s chief argument during his trial?

A
  • To NOT recognize the legality of the authority of the court
58
Q

Why did Charles refuse to abdicate?

A
  • Because this would be against God’s divine right
59
Q

How many commissioners (judges) were appointed to Charles’ case?

A

159

60
Q

Why were so many commissioners appointed to Charles’ case?

A

The more commissioners there are, the harder it is to question the court’s legal authority.

61
Q

Who is the head judge of Charles’ trial?

A

John Bradshaw

62
Q

What were Charles Ists 2 charges?

A
  1. Tyranny (Governed by will and not by law)
  2. Treason (Made war on his own people)
63
Q

When was Charles I executed?

A

30th January 1649

64
Q

Why did Charles put on so many layers before his execution?

A
  • To not tremble from the cold, and thus, appear to be afraid
65
Q

What was the crowd’s reaction at Charles Ists beheading?

A

No cheers, just silence, and a few groans and gasps

66
Q

True or False: Freedom of Speech was allowed in the New Model Army

A

TRUE

67
Q

What was the role of Agitators in the New Model Army?

A
  • To act as union representatives for the soldiers
68
Q

What are some of the main beliefs of the Levellers? (8)

A
  • All men and women are equal before God
  • Subject to no authority except by agreement
  • Sovereignty rests with the people
  • Wanted elections every 2 years
  • More equitable distribution of Parliamentary seats
  • Sought a one chamber assembly (get rid of the House of Lords)
  • Laws should be written in simple, clear English, so everyone can understand them
  • No severe punishments for minor crimes
69
Q

Where do the Levellers flourish?

A

The New Model Army

70
Q

What document did the Levellers distribute to the soldiers?

A

An Agreement of the People

–> Soldiers put the paper on their hats, Cromwell got so annoyed that he demanded they take them off

71
Q

What were the Putney debates?

A
  • 1647
  • Political debate WITHIN the Army itself about what should be done with the king
  • Inconclusive results, but showed a great surge of liberalism
72
Q

Who was the most prominent Leveller? What did he write?

A
  • John Lilburne
  • The Free Man’s Freedom Vindicated (1646)
73
Q

Who wrote The Free Man’s Freedom Vindicated (1646)? What did it say?

A
  • John Lilburne
  • States that all man and woman are born equal by nature
  • NO HIERARCHY
74
Q

Who were the Diggers?

A
  • Small “communist” group
  • They state that private property is a modern folly of an invention (invented by the Norman Yoke)
  • God made earth a common treasury
75
Q

Where was the Diggers’ first commune? How did they end up?

A

St. George’s Hill, Surrey – April 1649: planted crops

  • Only 30 Diggers showed up, local villagers beat them up and routed them away
76
Q

Who were the Ranters?

A
  • Believed that God is within all living creatures, therefore, we are incapable of sin
  • Horrified puritans with their rampant drinking, smoking, dancing, swearing and sharing sexual partners
77
Q

Who were the Muggletonians?

A
  • Followers of Ludowicke Muggleton
  • DENIED the Holy Trinity
  • DIDN’T find new members, new members went to them
78
Q

Who were the Fifth Monarchists?

A
  • Those who believed that the kingdom of Christ was the 5th monarchy by prophecy after Charles’ execution
  • General idea that England should be ruled by godly men
  • Wanted a theocracy
  • Terrible punishing of moral crimes (ex. stoning adulterers)
79
Q

What were the Quakers also known as?

A

The Society of Friends

80
Q

Who founded the Quakers?

A

John Fox

81
Q

What did the Quakers believe?

A
  • Everyone had access to God’s inner light
  • This inner light was more important than following the Churches’ rules
82
Q

Why did Quakers have so many problems with the law?

A
  • Because they refused to swear oaths in court
83
Q

What are some things the Quakers refused to do?

A
  • Refused to bow or take their hat off to social superiors
  • Refused to swear oaths in court
  • Refused to pay tithes to the Church
84
Q

What movement outlasted all other radical dissenting religious movements?

A

Quakers

85
Q

What is the main belief of Millennialism?

A
  • That the second coming of Christ would incite an 1000-year period of blessedness
86
Q

Who was James Nayler?

A
  • A Quaker who rode to Bristol on a donkey to symbolize Jesus coming to Jerusalem
  • He was branded with a b for Blasphemy, and had his tongue pierced and was flogged

Early Modern England (14 decks)

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