Interegnum and Restoration Flashcards
What was the Confederation of Kilkenny?
- A confederation administratively centred in the town of Kilkenny
- Created by Irish Catholics
- Created to secure order, as well as a favourable settlement for Ireland in the English Civil Wars
What was the Irish town in which Cromwell and his New Model Army committed his worst atrocities? How many died?
- Drogheda 1649
- 700–800 civilians killed (only 300 of which were Royalists)
In what 4 ways did Cromwell justify the sacking of Drogheda?
- He offered them a chance to surrender, so it was justified by the laws of war
- It was God’s will
- It was retribution for the Protestants massacred in Ireland in 1641
- Drogheda served as an example to all other Irishmen, in order to prevent further bloodshed
What were 2 of Cromwell’s worst massacres in Ireland?
- Drogheda
- Wexford
How many civilians were killed by Cromwell in Wexford? Why?
- 2000
- Because they were taking too long to negotiate surrender
- In panic, the Irish defenders sunk a ship containing Protestant prisoners, killing them all
How did Cromwell pay his troops during his conquest of Ireland?
- With Irish land
What were the terms of Cromwell’s 1652 Act of Settlement?
- Cromwell pays his soldiers and “adventurers” (English loaners for the campaign) with Irish land plots
- All Catholics 1 mile of the coast, or the river Shanon were to be killed if caught (100 000 Catholics liable to death by this)
- 400 000 Catholics disposessed of their lands
- No Catholics allowed in the provinces of Ulster, Leinster, or Munster
- All Catholics herded into the province of Connaught (rocky, unfarmable)
Where did Cromwell force all the Irish Catholics to settle in?
Connaught
In total, how many Irish people were killed in Cromwell’s campaign?
100-200 000
Why did many Scots support the Stuarts AFTER Charles Ists execution?
- Because, Charles II was also king of Ireland and Scotland
- So, what right did the ENGLISH parliament now have to kill the Scottish king?
When is Charles II named king of Scotland?
1651
At which battle did the infamous “Royal Oak” save Charles II after his army had been defeated by Cromwell?
Battle of Worcester, 1651
Why are army officers increasingly disgusted with lawyers in parliament?
- Because members of parliament are increasingly ignoring debt, wages, and reforms in the military
What was the Declaration of the Army to the Lord General Cromwell for the Dissolving of this Present Parliament?
- A demand from the army to Cromwell to dissolve the Rump Parliament
- Called for fresh elections, and the purging of unwanted men
When and how is the Rump Parliament dissolved?
- 1653
- Cromwell has to dissolve it at sword point
Why is the new parliament known as the “Barebones Parliament”?
- Because of one of it’s MPs, Praise-God Barebones, was a low born leather merchant
- He was the epitome of the kind of person who was typically elected in the Barebones Parliament, so they named it after him.
What was the Barebones Parliament composed of?
- Representatives from England, Ireland, Scotland
- ONLY composed of Godly men
- It is a huge flop
- Most members march out, and return full loyalty to Cromwell
How long did Barebones parliament last for?
5 months
Why was the Barebones Parliament important?
- Proved that saintliness was no substitute for politics
Where was the power held during the Rump Parliament period?
The Council of State (subordinate to the Rump)
True or False: The Rump Parliament had a House of Lords.
FALSE
Why was it called the “Rump” Parliament?
- Because it was seen as the remnant (or rump) of the old Long Parliament
What was England’s first ever written constitution?
The Instrument of Government, 1653
What are some of the most important terms of the Instrument of Government, 1653?
- Cromwell is Lord Protector of all three kingdoms (he could name a successor after death)
- Parliamentary elections every 3 years
- Parliament members had to have land worth a minimum of £200 (aka. you had to be rich to be in parliament now)(Conservative shift)
- individuality in religious congregations for all Protestant Dissenters
- Allowed Jews to return to England for the first time since Edward I
- Standing Army of 30 000
Who ruled based on the Instrument of Government constitution?
Cromwell AND the Council of State
When was Cromwell’s period of Martial Rule?
1655-1657
Describe Cromwell’s Martial Rule:
- England divided into 12 military districts
- Each district supervised by a major-general
- These generals spied on Royalists, Presbyterians, etc.
- They also enforced against drunkenness, Sunday sports, swearing, whoring, etc.)
- They even barred Christmas celebrations sometimes
What was the Humble Petition and Advice, 1657?
- Main purpose was to make Cromwell King
- Created an “Upper House” (euphemism for House of Lords)
- Reduced the right to vote of Parliament
True or False: Cromwell allowed his daughters to be called princess.
TRUE
True or False: Cromwell even wore a purple robe with ermine.
TRUE
What did Cromwell name his council?
The Privy Council
True or False: Cromwell increased the number of Knights of the Realm.
TRUE
Why wasn’t Cromwell’s real body publicly laid out for funeral services?
The morticians botched the preservation, and Cromwell’s body had begun to decompose
Who was Oliver Cromwell’s successor?
His son, Richard Cromwell
True or False: Richard Cromwell had plenty of political experience.
FALSE
He had NONE
Why did Richard Cromwell lose control of his power?
- Inherited debt
- Economic depression
- His indifference to rule gave the Army and Parliament far more power
After exiling Richard Cromwell, what did the Army revive?
They revived the Rump Parliament
True or False: Richard Cromwell was officially deposed.
FALSE
Not officially, but basically was, since the army exiled him to France.
When is Charles II officially restored?
14 May 1660
What are the 3 lessons learned from the interregnum?
- We need 2 ruling institutions: King AND Government
- Puritans cannot be trusted; labelled as King Killers
- Elites and the Common people CANNOT work together; they have opposing interests; let’s keep a ruling elite class
What were the 3 pledges of the Declaration of Breda in 1660?
- Amnesty to civil war participants
- Freedom of religion (unclear what he meant by this)
- Recognition of land sales since 1642 (aka, even land stolen from Charles I was to remain in the current owner’s hands)
Which parliament establishes the terms for restoration in 1660?
The Convention Parliament
True or False: Charles II has the power to dictate and set foreign policy
TRUE
Charles gets to choose who to go to war against, who to marry his children off to in the continent, etc.
What is the 1661 Militia Act, and why was it important?
- Gave Charles II control over the Army
- Disbands the New Model Army
- Importance: It shows a greater amount of trust in the King from Parliament
True or False: Charles II could legally summon AND dissolve parliament.
TRUE
What was the only parliamentary check on Charles IIs power?
- The Triennial Act (made it necessary to call parliament a minimum every 3 years)
- BUT, this is even taken off later in Charles IIs reign
How much money in debt does Charles II inherit from his father?
£900 000
(sounds big, but could have been worse)
True or False: Parliament funded Charles IIs household.
TRUE
What did Charles II do to boost income?
Brought back customs duties on things such as alcohol
True or False: For the most part, Charles II seemed to be religiously tolerant
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE: Charles II reestablishes Anglicanism.
TRUE
True or False: Charles II died a Catholic
TRUE
Why is Charles II so interested in Catholicism?
-His mother was Catholic
-He marries a Catholic
- He spent time at Catholic courts such as France while exiled on the continent
Who does Charles II purge within the church?
- Puritans
What is the new hyper-Royalist and Anglican Parliament known as?
Cavalier Parliament
What DON’T the Cavalier Parliamentarians like about Charles II?
His religious toleration
What was the Clarendon/Cavalier Code?
- 1661-65
- Program to root Puritans out of churches, schools, public life, etc.
- Named after the Earl of Clarendon (Edward Hyde)
True or False: The Cavalier Parliament see Puritans AND Catholics as undesirable citizens.
TRUE
What are the main religious reforms of the Cavalier Parliament?
- Kick out Puritans
- Restore Church Courts (ecclesiastical courts)
- Bishops are restored to Lords
- Restore the Common Book of Prayer
- Clergy is uniformed (dress wise)
What was the Corporation Act 1661?
- All city officials had to take Anglican communion
What was the Act of Uniformity, 1662
- Re-introduces money fines for not showing up to Anglican Church services
- Forces teachers and priests to swear to the Book of Common Prayer
- Imprisoning people for conducting non-Anglican church services
What was the Quaker Act 1662
- Made it illegal to REFUSE to swear an oath in court
- Clearly oriented towards Quakers
- 50 000 Quakers imprisoned for not swearing an oath in court
What is the Licensing Act 1662
- Printing censorship restored
- Often focused on religious writings
What is the Five-Mile Act 1665
- Makes it illegal for dissenters to preach in a 5-mile radius from an Anglican Church
- Without saying it’s illegal to be a dissenter, they make it illegal to have a job, worship near a town, etc.
How many of the 59 regicides are killed by Charles II?
11
Describe Charles II’s personality
- Easy going, affable, and a people-person
- But, he is lazy and uninterested in government matters
- More interested in art, splendour, love, etc.
Who establishes the Royal Society in 1660?
Charles II
Who revived theatre to England?
Charles II
True or False: Many of Charles IIs friends turned out to be Cromwell’s spies while in exile
TRUE
True or False: Charles II dug up many important regicides like Bradshaw and Cromwell dug up and hung, dismembered and displayed.
TRUE
Who did Charles II marry?
Catherine de Braganza (Portugese Catholic princess)
What 2 important cities does Charles II receive from marrying Catherine de Braganza?
- Tangiers
- Bombay
This gives England a foothold in North Africa, and India
When was the East India Company established?
1600
What was the problem with Charles IIs marriage to Catherine de Braganza?
- He was unable to have a successful pregnancy with Catherine
- Therefore, NO legitimate children
How many acknowledged illegitimate children did Charles II have?
14
Who did Charles II, tend to have plenty of affairs with
Actresses
Who was Charles IIs younger brother?
James, Duke of York
What problem do many people have with Charles IIs brother James succeeding him on the throne?
James is Catholic
True or False: Despite being Catholic, James, Duke of York raised his daughters Protestant.
TRUE
When was the Great Fire of London?
1666
From which animal did the Great Plague of 1665-66 start?
- Flees on rats
How many people died in the Great Plague of 1665-66?
50-100 000 people
True or False: The Great Plague of 1665-66 was the last plague epidemic in London.
TRUE
How do the people religiously explain the Plague of 1665-66?
God’s retribution for sin
Why were fires so common in London?
- Most buildings were wooden
- And they were laid out in the Medieval style of close quarters living.
Where does the Great Fire of London first break out?
Bakery in Pudding Lane, near London Bridge
Who initially shrugged off the fire threat, saying that a “woman might piss it out”?
Sir. Thomas Bloodworth
How many acres of the City of London are destroyed during the Great Fire?
373
How many houses are burnt in the Great Fire?
13 000
What “good” comes out of the Great Fire of London?
The opportunity to rebuild (ex. Bigger streets, more organized buildings, etc.
What is France’s goal under Louis XIV?
To eclipse and absorb the dying Spanish Empire
True or False: Louis XIV had no parliament
TRUE
Who is blocking French power during Louis XIVs reign?
The Dutch
What is the new European commercial/economic powerhouse?
Dutch Republic
When does the Dutch Republic grow?
When France and Spain are at war
What was the Treaty of Dover, 1670?
- Alliance between the French and English against the Dutch
- France, blocked by the Dutch, ask the English to go to war against the Dutch
- In return, France would pay the English for their war effort
- The Dutch have also become England’s rivals
What was the private agreement of the Treaty of Dover?
- Charles II promised the French to publically convert to Catholicism
- In return, Charles II gets £100 000
- French also agree to send troops to help Charles for any revolts against him when he converts
Did Charles agree to the private agreement of the Treaty of Dover?
YES
- Charles converted to Catholicism
BUT
- He didn’t convert publicly, as promised
When was the Third Anglo-Dutch War?
1672-74
What was the Declaration of Indulgence, 1672?
- An act of Religious Toleration by Charles II
- Charles II suspends penalties against Catholics and non-conformists
Through what power was Charles legally able to pass the Declaration of Indulgence?
Suspending Power (King’s power to suspend laws)
Why did non-conformists dislike the Declaration of Indulgence, despite it granting them freedom?
- Because it also gave freedom to Catholics
- Non-Conformists would rather have no rights at all, then to see Catholics with them
What occurs at the 1673 parliament?
- Charles II asks parliament for money to fund the Third Anglo-Dutch War
- BUT, parliament, unhappy with the declaration of indulgence, refuses to give him money
- Parliament refuses to acknowledge the King’s right to suspend restrictions on Catholics
What 2 things does the 1673 Test Act require every office holder in England to do?
- Go to church as an Anglican
- Deny Transubstantiation
What was “Occasional Conformity” in the Test Act?
- You only had to take communion as an Anglican ONCE a year, for the rest of the year, you are free to practice other sects
→ BUT: Occasional Conformity didn’t apply to Catholics***
In response to the oppression on Catholics from the Test Act, what does Charles II’s brother, James, do?
Renounces his Admiralty to the Navy
Who are James, Duke of York’s daughters, and who did he marry them off to?
Mary –> Married William of Orange
Anne –> Married Prince George of Denmark
*They would each one day be Queen of England
