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key issues > wildlife trade > Flashcards

wildlife trade Flashcards

1
Q

bownan 2013 reasons for CITES to continue to exist

A

-sustainable utilization
-criticism driven by emotion, not reality
-forum articulates variety viewpoints
-has authority to adress cons problems
-didn’t have= extinction
-other treaties deal habitat conversion problem to its aim
-flexible treaty
-imperialism and lack sovrienty not true

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2
Q

bownan reason CITES shouldn’t continue

A

-individualistic, materialistic liberalisation views dominate = not effective
-can be counterproductive
-not fulfilling brief
-corruption in implementation
-should focus habitat destruction not trade
-preservationist approach= imperialist
-lacks strong enforcement
-bans trade inless proven otherwise
-conserve own sake not trade

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3
Q

bownan 2013 conclusion should we keep CITES?

A

balanced approach have most chance success, interdisciplinary work can ensure sucess. CITES best treaty have must work to ensure its success don’t have a second option

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4
Q

rosen ,smith 2010 how many wildlife seizures 1996-2008

A

967

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5
Q

rosen ,smith 2010 where does most wildlife trade originate what does this mean

A

Se asia= hotspot disease

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6
Q

rosen ,smith 2010 how many seizures mamal

A

51%

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7
Q

rosen ,smith 2010 why illegal wildlife trade difficult to enforce

A

-remoteness poaching,
-lack infrastructure
-corruption
-shortage wildlife enforcement officers

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8
Q

example infectous disease spread wildlife trade rosen , smith 2010

A

2003 monkey pox virus transferred to usa through shipment infected rodents

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9
Q

rosen , smith 2010 how to solve illegal wildlife trade

A

-more regulation
-education reduces demand
-improve economic stability of countries
-port officer training to ID species
-DNA forensic help enforcement and sanctions

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10
Q

Taylor et al 2017 how much rhinoe horn could be sustainably obtained in south Africa

A

5319-3356kg per yr

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11
Q

Taylor et al 2017 why did they want to work out how much rhino horn could be sustainably obtained?

A

provide evidence that could be used in the debate on whether to make the sell of rhino horns legal or not

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12
Q

Taylor et al 2017 where could you obtain rhino horn from

A

-natural mortality
-dehorning
-trophy hunting
-stock piled horns

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13
Q

what issues surround farm rhino horn farming Taylor et al 2017

A

-change pop dynamic
0need increase intensive breeding
-wild rhino less common = cons concern
-need more security farmed rhino easy target poaching

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14
Q

pears 2003 are brazil nuts being harvested sustainably

A

no not enough juvenile or recruitment new trees so if not managed pop collapse

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15
Q

pears 2003 how can we make harvest brazil nut sustainable

A

-increase juvinile
-reduce intensity tree harvest
-plant nursery
-manage viable juvinile seed
-protect seed disperser
-protect natural habitat

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16
Q

silvertown 2004 are brazil nut biologically sustainable

A

no- not enough juvenile not regenerating

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17
Q

silvertown 2004 are brazil nuts socially /economic sustainble

A

-don’t create sufficent income
-money brazil nuts then used buy chainsaws to deforest

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18
Q

silvertown 2004 how could sustainably manage brazil nuts

A

create a ethical trade in brazil nuts- pay premium for s.

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19
Q

why is wildlife traded

A

-sustaining livelihood
-fuel
-fodder
-construction materials
-clothing and ornamental
-pets
-sport
-health care
-religion
-collections

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20
Q

example traded items wildlife

A

-mahogony
-hyancith macaw
-spix macaw

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21
Q

TRAFFIC how much legal wildlife trade worth

A

US$323 billion

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22
Q

TRAFFIC what aremost important items trade volume and value

A

timber
fisheries

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23
Q

TRAFFIC what percent vertibrate species are traded

A

24%

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24
Q

2011 how much illegal timber trade worth

A

$7-8 billion

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25
Q

2019 how much illegal wildlife trade owrth

A

$8-$21 billion

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26
Q

how large illegal wildlife trade

A

4th largest criminal market

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27
Q

what are key features of the illegal wildlife trade

A

-sophisticated outlets- linked organized crime and drug smuggling
-low risk detection and low penalties relative to high value wildlife products incentivize criminals to engage in trade

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28
Q

why illegal trade so hard to deal with

A

-hard to tell difference between whats legal and illegal
-less weight to stories finding illegal animals compared to drugs

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29
Q

what rating helmeted hornbill

A

-near threatened now critically endagered trade = move CITES apendix 1

-

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30
Q

why helmeted horn bill traded

A

recent resurgence demand casque carve red ivory

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31
Q

rating ploughshare toistose

A

critically endagered CITES apendix 1

32
Q

what was done try stop trade ploughshare toitose

A

burn numbers into shell (not sucessful)

33
Q

whats role internet trade

A

help trade networks and transactions

34
Q

what role internet in kaiser spoted newt

A

only described science 2010 already trade unsustainable and on strictest regulation due to internet exotic pet trade

35
Q

why scientist starting to not publish location of new species

A

to try and stop the illegal trade

36
Q

what type of web is illegal wildlife trade on

A

-easy accessible websites
-eg facebook, ebay, twitter

37
Q

what are the implications of the illegal wildlife trade

A

-over-exploitation biod
-disease transmission
-spread invasive species
-animal welfare/mortality
-moral and ethical considerations

38
Q

why are all problems amplified illegal trade

A

you can regulate it

39
Q

how many plant species are used for medicinal purposes

A

around 70,000

40
Q

how much modern medicine used properties wild species

A

25%

41
Q

where are wildlife trade hotspots

A

-chinas international boarders
-E/S Africa
-eastern border EU
-some markets mexico
-parts cariibean
-parts indonesia abd new guinea
-solomon island

42
Q

when CITES created

A

1975

43
Q

how many countries signed up to CITES

A

183

44
Q

how many species does CITES cover

A

35000

45
Q

what is aim CITES

A

-regulate and monitor international trade select species and plants
-ensure trade doesn’t endanger survival wild populations

46
Q

define Appendix 1

A

-species threatened extinction
-strict regulation
-only allow trade exceptional circumstances (3%) trade

47
Q

define apendix 2

A

not necessarily threatened extinction but may become unless trade is strictly regulated
92% trade

48
Q

apendix 3

A

species can be listed single party
rules just 1 country
5% trade

49
Q

mamals and CITES

A

all primates
-cetacean
-cat
-bear
-elephant
-rhino

50
Q

birds and CITES

A

-all bird prey
-owl
-nearly all parrots

51
Q

Reptiles and CITES

A

all crodilain padle fish sea horse some shark, humphead wrasse

52
Q

how many plant CITES

A

> 25,000 more than plants

53
Q

when dramatic decline rhino numbers

A

1966

54
Q

when CITES ban rhino

A

1877

55
Q

how demand rhino met

A

illegal market = killing

56
Q

when could all rhinoes be extinct by

A

next 20yr

57
Q

why CITES failed rhino

A

limits supply = price increase thus poaching increase

58
Q

How much did rhino horn caused per kg 1993 and 2012

A

-1993- $4700
2012 US $65000 kg

59
Q

why is dehorning not effective stratagie rhino

A

stubs still valuable

60
Q

why is it hard to deal illegal rhino trade

A

-high demand, value horn = incentive crime groups and poachers
-laws hard to enforce
-corruption gov official = hard enforce
-rare - high price create supply and demand extinction vortex

61
Q

how much does it cost to sedate and shave a rhino

A

$20

62
Q

how many rhinoes would need to have to meet horn demand

A

5000 in south africa

63
Q

what is natural death rate rhino

A

2.6%

64
Q

a legal trade of rhino horn
can reduce the incentive for poaching if:

A

1)regulator prevent laundering of illegal horns as legal
2)legal supply = easier more reliable and cost effective, illegal trade
3)demand doesn’t escelate dangerous level stigma illegality product removed
4)establishment central selling organisation administer and control legal trade

65
Q

what is the opposition to legalising rhino trade

A

-concern gov abilty to regulate trade and stop laundering
-remove stigma in buying rhino= increase demand
-sales of horn in south africa could increase poaching elsewhere
-sales take place to infrequently unpredictably to attract buyers away from illegal market and reduce poaching

66
Q

how much income does sutaible use alligators produce annuely

A

$60 million (US dolalrs)

67
Q

what do fees from the regulatory system crocodile support

A

-management
-regulation
-enforcement
-research

68
Q

why trade nile crocodile banned madagasca

A

to many papers missing , no monitoring, hunting, laundering, no large individual wild ,com not receive benefit= lack intuitional capacity

69
Q

what action plan nile crocodile focus on

A

wild harvest and restriction support wild pop
no ranching focus sustaining wild pop and protect nesting female

70
Q

what are problems by trading crocodiles

A

-market fluctations =destablise price and affect incentives
-conservation status some species not good enough sustainable use
-some wild skins have undesirable qualities
-laundering through legal operation
-ongoing threat to habitat

71
Q

what is the biodlogy behind brazil nut

A

-pristine forest produces fruit
-pollinated certian bees
-seed cached agouti and later germinates
-entirely from wild
-tree live 500yr+
-fruit tak e18 month mature
-each hold 8-24 seeds

72
Q

what are incentives to harvesting brazil nuts

A

-income to the poorest
-multimillion international harvest
-doesn’t directly destroy forest poor com rely on
-easy to locate and collect
-acess road already in place
-very little skill and equipment

73
Q

what conservation pressures face brazil nuts

A

-intensive exploitation = insufficient juveniles recruitment maintain population long term
-seasonal = insufficient income on own support gatherers
-other income generating activities = forest destruction
-may decrease supply nuts available local herbivore communities
-hunting agoutis = effect germination

74
Q

what some stratagies listed for sustaible brazil nuts

A

-tenure security and clear defined property rights
-brazil nut concession:privatly managed conservation areas allow harvesters and families make income through harvesting brazil nuts only
-education- training for brazil nut harvestersimprove collection technique
-manage annuel harvest quotas
-plant viable seed, transplant nursery griwn seeding into natural forest gaps

75
Q

consumer strategies improve sustainability brazil nuts

A

-annuel rotated no take areas to increase seed supply
-continued research life history, distribution ecological interaction brazil nut tree

-studies assessing impact harvesting diffreent level

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