pollinator crisis Flashcards
smith et al 2022 what are the impacts on health from insufficient pollination
-427000 aditioanl deaths loss healthy food
-worse impact low income countries
smith et al 2022 how much fruit veg loose if lose pollinators
3-5%
garabaldi et al 2014 can honey bees replace wild polinators
-no wild more effective 2x isits honey bees
garabaldi et al 2014 how to maintain pollination
-intigrate wild and honey bees increase crop yield
-mainatain pollinator diccersity
-conservation restoration natural areas
-stop soil erosion
klien 2007 how many leading world crop depend pollination
87
klien 2007 what volume crops depend on pollination
35%
klien 2007 what management options for pollinators?
1)increase nest opportunities
2)increase forage provide suitable floral resources
3) increase connection habitats
4)reduce pesticides
ghazel 2005 is the pollination crisis as bad as been suggested?
no- although declines large amount crops not rely on pollnation
-not bad losses think
-making calls conservation based on pollination missed placed
what makes effective nest solitary bee dicks et al
-agricultural land
-reeds best
drilled wooden blocks
-need more research into bamboo
dicks et al best nest creation bumble bees
-underground nest boxed best e.g teractoa pots
-sprouts pipes
-need more research, test different areas UK
2020 alton ratnieks do wildlife friendly products acturlly work?
-no not desighned UK species, play little ecologiacal funtion , products won’t save species= marketing misleading
chowdhury et al 2023 what percentage insects covered in PAs
19%
chowdhury et al what must be done to preserve insects
make sure new PAs also represent insect species
miller et al 2022 are commercial bumble bee colonies acting as ecological traps?
-yes wild queen bees entering as smaller getting killed
miller et al 2022 what can be done to stop comercial bumble bees acting as ecological traps?
include bee excluders
whys should farmers include bee excluders in their commercial bumble bee colonies
-ensures wild pollinators left to ensure there are pollinators for crops later in the season
sanchez-bayo , wyckhuys 2015 how many insects species threatened extinction
40%
sanchez bayo , wyckhuys 2015 what main drivers insect decline
-habitatl oss
-conversion agriculture
-pollution
-pathogens from introduced speceis
-cc
conclusion sanchez bayo and qyckhuys 2015 how to stop decline insect
-change ways produce food
-habitats restoration
stop chemicals
what are the steps pollination
1)pollen passed stamen one flower to another
2) encourage nector develop in stamen
3) get nectar = pollinator pass pollen covered anther
4) pollen sticks to pollinator gets transfered to stamen of new flower
5) plant germinates and seed production occurs
what type of relationships between plant and pollinator
mutualistic
example of co-evolved brood ste mutualism
fig tree and agaoinid wasp
what is the value of pollination
-regualtion es
-maintain wider biod and ecs stability
-food security
-social and cultural values eg gardens
key pollinator speceis
-solitary bees
-bumble bees
-lepidoptera- butterflies, moths
-wasps
features of bumble bees
fly cooler condition, higher elevation , latitudes
buz pollnation- shake antha violently= different role exs
how much is pollination worth to food security each year
235-577 billion klien 2007
what bees are managed pollination
social bees eg western honey bee
key feature of western honey bee
-forage 5.5km
-most valuable polinator agriculture production and honey production
-commercially managed US
what crop s use bees as livestock?
-almonds
-avocado
garibaldi et al 2016 how many yeild gaps due to lack abundance of pollinators
-1/4
garibaldi et al 2016 how many more times effectve are wild pollinators to honey bees?
x2
smith 2022 loose pollinators how many more premature deaths
50000
when term insect apocalypse start
2010
how much decline has there been flying insect biomass last 27 years
75%
what is colony collapse disorder
-worker bees abandon colony even food and nurse bees to look after ofspring = global food issues
what rate decline invertibrate year sanchez bayo wyckhys 2019
2.5% year
what percentage have butterflies decline UK since 1970
80%
main pollinator threats
-land use change
-pollution, fertiliser pesticide
-pollinaotr managment and pathogen
- invasive alien species
-cc
what fragementation meant pollinators
lost:
-nest sites
-migration oppornuties
-connectivity
how agriculture effect pollinators
-monoculture = reduce diverstiy
-less flowing plants - less nutrition
-tilling destroys nest sites
n america how many speceis have declined due to pesticides
7
what percentage of bees do you loose when put them on almnd crops and why
30%
expose pesticides
what is american foulbrood
-bacterial brood disease
-infect honey bee larvae
-deaths every 3 week
-weeken colony
how can stop American foulbrood
use trained sniffer dogs
what is africanised honey bee
afruvan/europe honey bee bread make european honey bees more productive in tropical environment
what is the issue with africanised honey bee
agressive= take over native colonies
whats risk of climate change for pollinators
-push out of native range
-expose new predators
-compition
-pathogens
not about same time plants they have evolved with
why is bee keeping not the solution to the pollinator crisis?
-honey bees not endagered species
-poor polinators and compete wild species
-prone to collapse = risk strategy
-its the wild speceis that are declining
what staratagies save polinators
-ban pesticides
-habitat managment
-increase connectivity
what is good habitat managment practices for pollinators
-wild flower boarder agriculture landscape
-restore grassland, heathland, floral diversity
-create wildlflower medows
-greening urban area
how to green urban areas
-garden pollinator friendly plants
-restrict mowing
- rebrand weeds
-descourage tidying up nature
what is bee line connectivity
-joined up approach to conserve native pollinators
-network flower rich pathways acros UK
link exisitn gwildlife areas
why bee bricks not good pollinators
-only 3% occupied
-need to clean as other wise parasites develop
-dimensions to small not long enough species
-‘green washing’
what material good bee hotels
reed, bamboo, replaceable card
in canada how many bee hotels occupied non native pests?
47%
