disease Flashcards
olson et al 2013 what percent amphibian species BD found in
42%
olson et al 2013 what characteristic effect chances BD
-more complex comunities= increases energence and transmission
-not found temp above 28 degrees
conclusion BD olson et al 2013
disease increasing = need global community come together to understand disease and curb spread
smith et al 2006 what percent of species went extinct due to infectious disease
4%
smith et al 2006 how many species is infectious disease the major cause endangerment
8%
smith et al 2006 what needed to be done to overcome risk infectious disease
-rigorous sc. work out which disease risk
-improve theory work out when infectious disease most likely be large risk
-improve surveillance program detection infectious disease
smith et al 2006 conclusion risk infectious disease and threatened species
infectious disease not major cause species extinction
having a evidence-based understanding infectious disease will help create cons incentives
mesquita et al 2017 are amphibian species develop away from water also at risk BD
-yes less exposed past = less resistance if become expose in future have high mortality
mesquita et al what must be done protect land developing animals BD
-create managment plan protect them
fisher et al 2012 what is the increasing threat of fungal disease causing
-extinction
-food insecurity
-human health threats
fisher et al 2012 why do fungi cause high extinction
-causes high mortality
-some broad host range= target lots of species
-trade and transport- moving across the world
-fungi flexible gene recombine and hybridise = novel disease
-human activities cause disease
-climate change = change range
fisher et al 2012 how to mitigate threat fungi disease
-create model predict animal fungi
-more biosecurity animal fungi
-more fungal disease control outside agriculture
-control wildlife trade
-more understanding interaction host , pathogen , envi
-more effective prevention control
-strengthern biosecurtiy
pounds et al 2006 will climate change increase amphibian extinction from BD
-yes, although BD does not survive higher temperature more highland areas close optimum BD
-night time may be warmer close to BD optimum = encourage formation disease
how is human modified landscapes effecting sidease brearley et al 2012
-changing vector transmission
-direct transmision
host response
how is human modified landscapes effecting disease brearley et al 2012 - vector transmission
-increase vector density
-lower host species richness
-increase contact rates
how is human modified landscapes effecting disease brearley et al 2012 - direct transmission
-increase interspecific contact rates
-increase intraspecific contact
-increase revisor density
how is human modified landscapes effecting sidease brearley et al 2012 -host response
-social behavour
-reproductive stratagies
-physiological response (immune system)
conclusion brearly et al 2012 how human modifying landscape effecting disease?
link disease and human-induced change complex and variable
greatest positive influence is urban landscape change on direct transmission
need more k
why EID increasing daszac et al 2008
-spill over domestic to wild populationn
-human intevention host and parasite translocation
-no obvous human involvment - random weather event
daszac et al what occuirng EID
-increasing
what should be done daszak et al 2008 control EID
-more control measures
-vaccines
-multidisciplinary research
MCCAllum 2000 how much populaiton decline tasmanian devil does DFTD cause?
60%
MCCAllum 2000 key fact DFTD
-infectous cancer agent
-host specific
-100% mortality rates
loss genetic diversity make disease worse
MCCAllum 2000 how can possibly control DFTD
-isolation
-culling
-select resistant animals
-culling
MCCAllum 2000 what lesson can be learnt from DFTD
-important spot and adress threats early
-multihost pathogen reservoir threat also host specific pathogen also risk if transmission frequency dependent
-loss genetic diversity cause pathogen cause extinction species this could become more common future
jones et al 2018 how many EID zoonosis
60.3%
jones et al 2018 how many EID bacteria and why
54.3% - lots drug resistant bacteria
jones et al 2018 where EID found
-SE, envi, economic factor
-risk vector born zoonotic low lattitude
-zoonotic pathogen correlate area biod
jones et al 2018 what must be done stop EID risk
-need redistribute research areas EID risk more likely occur- Africa, Latin america Asia
-more health monitoring
-reduce anthropogenic activity wildlife areas help stop disease
keesing et al 2010 how does less biod affect transmission infectous disease
Changes:
-abundance host or vector (reduce comp predatation host, increase density host)
-behavior host or vector
-condition host or vector (could change genetics)
keesing et al 2010 how does biod loss effect infectous disease
-change how transmitted = increase transmission incidence
-first species lost ecs likely species reduce transmission
-loss biod= more likely new species emerge
-biod protect against disease
keesing et al 2010 what done stop disease
-predict hotspots for long term surveillance
-preserve and protect habitat in hotspots
-reduce contact wildlife/nature
wood lafferty does have high biod increase or decrease disease
-evidence suggest biod increases disease but dependent and complex
wells et al 2019 how likliy DFTD cause tasmainam devil be extinct 100 yr
21%
wells et al 2019 how likliy DFTD cause tasmainam devil be fade out 100 yr
52%
wells et al 2019 how likliy DFTD cause tasmainam devil be extinct 100 yrwells et al 2019 how likliy DFTD cause tasmainam devilcoexist 100 yr
22%
wells et al 2019 how likly DFTD cause devil extinxr
coexistance more likely, immediate management unlikly needed prevent extinction , maybe drastic decline start but level out and reach equilibrium
how many soecies disease extinct since 1800
833 species
will disease cause extinction
cause dramatic decline pop unlikely major cause as pathogen need host to survive
example of a speceis went extinct due to disease
-tropical air snail from french polynesia
what parsite caused tropical air snail go extinct
microspordin parasite
what disease likly contributed thylacine extinction
distemper
define macroparasite
transmission via free livin gstages- worms, ticks, mites, flees
define micro parasite
rapid reproduction within host- bacteria, virus, protozoa fungi
what impact disease individual level
effect fitness-
-direct mortality
-lower survival
-reduction of competitor fitness
-behavior
-increased susceptibility predation
-reduction redundancy
why small pop more risk disease
low level heterozygote=susceptible infection
-stress individual immune competance
how did avian malaria cause extinction Hawai
-island species lost resistance mainland malaria
-avian malaria introduced 1700 = 12 extinctions
how many saiga antelopes dies may 2015 2 week perod
134000
why did 60% saiga population die may 2015
hemorrhagic septicemia pathogen
hemorrhagic septicemia pathogen why did cause death saiga
-normally harmless but possible warm weather and humid condition triggered enter blood stream (CC make disease worse)
case study: what happened African swine virus entering Belgium?
-game hunter imported wild boar eastern europe
-0ct 34 test positive virus
-4000 domestic pig slaughtered preventative measure]-forest of limit recreation
how many death ebola 2013-2016
11323
could zoonotic disease risk encourage cons?
y- encouragement stop trade wildlife
n- need address underlying factor trade
-could encourage destruction wildlife
What are EIDS
-increasing incidence and geo range
-moved new host populations
-increased virulance
-new diseases being discoveres
-newly evolved pathogens
hoe do pristine envi help stop EID
act buffer humans and EIDS
why EIDS increasing
-change ecology host pathogen- increased individual or host = increase contact host and species
-human intervention
-translocation = disease risk
-spill over livestock human
-interaction changing = changing disease patterns
why are bats implicated Covid
-mammals = similar human
-gregarious animals live in large colonies
-large foraging distance
-old species = lots of time disease to evolve
what benefits for conservation did covid have
-china trade and consumption wildlife banned
-20000 wildlife farms shut diwn
how much wildlife trade worth precovid china
$73 billion
how many people wildlife trade employ china
100m
why is covid unlikley to have large cons effect china
-large scource income and employment
-hard to stop consumption need to change culture
-ban drives market to illegal
-illagality make all problem worse
-market cities move rural market
What is the impact avian influnexa
killed 240 poeple
-killed million poultrary, wild birds and mammals
What effect does chritridiomycosis (bd) have amphibian
affect skin used for respritation
how many species decined or gone extince Bd
200
why south east asia important bd
-geographic hotspot
-original scource
how to deal Bd
-no cure
-managment prevent spread
what 3 scenarios can occur after disease arrive area
1)pop fall after arrive, defences improve pop return pre disease level
2)pop species fall sharply , recover partly disease endemic
3) defense disease insufficient species extinct outbreak phase
what is DFTD
legion mouth head
-cancer infective agent
how much pop Tasmanian devil declined dure to DFTD
over 60%
