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disease Flashcards

1
Q

olson et al 2013 what percent amphibian species BD found in

A

42%

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2
Q

olson et al 2013 what characteristic effect chances BD

A

-more complex comunities= increases energence and transmission
-not found temp above 28 degrees

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3
Q

conclusion BD olson et al 2013

A

disease increasing = need global community come together to understand disease and curb spread

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4
Q

smith et al 2006 what percent of species went extinct due to infectious disease

A

4%

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5
Q

smith et al 2006 how many species is infectious disease the major cause endangerment

A

8%

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6
Q

smith et al 2006 what needed to be done to overcome risk infectious disease

A

-rigorous sc. work out which disease risk
-improve theory work out when infectious disease most likely be large risk
-improve surveillance program detection infectious disease

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7
Q

smith et al 2006 conclusion risk infectious disease and threatened species

A

infectious disease not major cause species extinction
having a evidence-based understanding infectious disease will help create cons incentives

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8
Q

mesquita et al 2017 are amphibian species develop away from water also at risk BD

A

-yes less exposed past = less resistance if become expose in future have high mortality

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9
Q

mesquita et al what must be done protect land developing animals BD

A

-create managment plan protect them

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10
Q

fisher et al 2012 what is the increasing threat of fungal disease causing

A

-extinction
-food insecurity
-human health threats

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11
Q

fisher et al 2012 why do fungi cause high extinction

A

-causes high mortality
-some broad host range= target lots of species
-trade and transport- moving across the world
-fungi flexible gene recombine and hybridise = novel disease
-human activities cause disease
-climate change = change range

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12
Q

fisher et al 2012 how to mitigate threat fungi disease

A

-create model predict animal fungi
-more biosecurity animal fungi
-more fungal disease control outside agriculture
-control wildlife trade
-more understanding interaction host , pathogen , envi
-more effective prevention control
-strengthern biosecurtiy

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13
Q

pounds et al 2006 will climate change increase amphibian extinction from BD

A

-yes, although BD does not survive higher temperature more highland areas close optimum BD
-night time may be warmer close to BD optimum = encourage formation disease

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14
Q

how is human modified landscapes effecting sidease brearley et al 2012

A

-changing vector transmission
-direct transmision
host response

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15
Q

how is human modified landscapes effecting disease brearley et al 2012 - vector transmission

A

-increase vector density
-lower host species richness
-increase contact rates

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16
Q

how is human modified landscapes effecting disease brearley et al 2012 - direct transmission

A

-increase interspecific contact rates
-increase intraspecific contact
-increase revisor density

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17
Q

how is human modified landscapes effecting sidease brearley et al 2012 -host response

A

-social behavour
-reproductive stratagies
-physiological response (immune system)

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18
Q

conclusion brearly et al 2012 how human modifying landscape effecting disease?

A

link disease and human-induced change complex and variable
greatest positive influence is urban landscape change on direct transmission
need more k

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19
Q

why EID increasing daszac et al 2008

A

-spill over domestic to wild populationn
-human intevention host and parasite translocation
-no obvous human involvment - random weather event

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20
Q

daszac et al what occuirng EID

A

-increasing

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21
Q

what should be done daszak et al 2008 control EID

A

-more control measures
-vaccines
-multidisciplinary research

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22
Q

MCCAllum 2000 how much populaiton decline tasmanian devil does DFTD cause?

A

60%

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23
Q

MCCAllum 2000 key fact DFTD

A

-infectous cancer agent
-host specific
-100% mortality rates
loss genetic diversity make disease worse

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24
Q

MCCAllum 2000 how can possibly control DFTD

A

-isolation
-culling
-select resistant animals
-culling

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25
Q

MCCAllum 2000 what lesson can be learnt from DFTD

A

-important spot and adress threats early
-multihost pathogen reservoir threat also host specific pathogen also risk if transmission frequency dependent
-loss genetic diversity cause pathogen cause extinction species this could become more common future

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26
Q

jones et al 2018 how many EID zoonosis

A

60.3%

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27
Q

jones et al 2018 how many EID bacteria and why

A

54.3% - lots drug resistant bacteria

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28
Q

jones et al 2018 where EID found

A

-SE, envi, economic factor
-risk vector born zoonotic low lattitude
-zoonotic pathogen correlate area biod

29
Q

jones et al 2018 what must be done stop EID risk

A

-need redistribute research areas EID risk more likely occur- Africa, Latin america Asia
-more health monitoring
-reduce anthropogenic activity wildlife areas help stop disease

30
Q

keesing et al 2010 how does less biod affect transmission infectous disease

A

Changes:
-abundance host or vector (reduce comp predatation host, increase density host)
-behavior host or vector
-condition host or vector (could change genetics)

31
Q

keesing et al 2010 how does biod loss effect infectous disease

A

-change how transmitted = increase transmission incidence
-first species lost ecs likely species reduce transmission
-loss biod= more likely new species emerge
-biod protect against disease

32
Q

keesing et al 2010 what done stop disease

A

-predict hotspots for long term surveillance
-preserve and protect habitat in hotspots
-reduce contact wildlife/nature

33
Q

wood lafferty does have high biod increase or decrease disease

A

-evidence suggest biod increases disease but dependent and complex

34
Q

wells et al 2019 how likliy DFTD cause tasmainam devil be extinct 100 yr

A

21%

35
Q

wells et al 2019 how likliy DFTD cause tasmainam devil be fade out 100 yr

A

52%

36
Q

wells et al 2019 how likliy DFTD cause tasmainam devil be extinct 100 yrwells et al 2019 how likliy DFTD cause tasmainam devilcoexist 100 yr

A

22%

37
Q

wells et al 2019 how likly DFTD cause devil extinxr

A

coexistance more likely, immediate management unlikly needed prevent extinction , maybe drastic decline start but level out and reach equilibrium

38
Q

how many soecies disease extinct since 1800

A

833 species

39
Q

will disease cause extinction

A

cause dramatic decline pop unlikely major cause as pathogen need host to survive

40
Q

example of a speceis went extinct due to disease

A

-tropical air snail from french polynesia

41
Q

what parsite caused tropical air snail go extinct

A

microspordin parasite

42
Q

what disease likly contributed thylacine extinction

A

distemper

43
Q

define macroparasite

A

transmission via free livin gstages- worms, ticks, mites, flees

44
Q

define micro parasite

A

rapid reproduction within host- bacteria, virus, protozoa fungi

45
Q

what impact disease individual level

A

effect fitness-
-direct mortality
-lower survival
-reduction of competitor fitness
-behavior
-increased susceptibility predation
-reduction redundancy

46
Q

why small pop more risk disease

A

low level heterozygote=susceptible infection
-stress individual immune competance

47
Q

how did avian malaria cause extinction Hawai

A

-island species lost resistance mainland malaria
-avian malaria introduced 1700 = 12 extinctions

48
Q

how many saiga antelopes dies may 2015 2 week perod

A

134000

49
Q

why did 60% saiga population die may 2015

A

hemorrhagic septicemia pathogen

50
Q

hemorrhagic septicemia pathogen why did cause death saiga

A

-normally harmless but possible warm weather and humid condition triggered enter blood stream (CC make disease worse)

51
Q

case study: what happened African swine virus entering Belgium?

A

-game hunter imported wild boar eastern europe
-0ct 34 test positive virus
-4000 domestic pig slaughtered preventative measure]-forest of limit recreation

52
Q

how many death ebola 2013-2016

A

11323

53
Q

could zoonotic disease risk encourage cons?

A

y- encouragement stop trade wildlife
n- need address underlying factor trade
-could encourage destruction wildlife

54
Q

What are EIDS

A

-increasing incidence and geo range
-moved new host populations
-increased virulance
-new diseases being discoveres
-newly evolved pathogens

55
Q

hoe do pristine envi help stop EID

A

act buffer humans and EIDS

56
Q

why EIDS increasing

A

-change ecology host pathogen- increased individual or host = increase contact host and species
-human intervention
-translocation = disease risk
-spill over livestock human
-interaction changing = changing disease patterns

57
Q

why are bats implicated Covid

A

-mammals = similar human
-gregarious animals live in large colonies
-large foraging distance
-old species = lots of time disease to evolve

58
Q

what benefits for conservation did covid have

A

-china trade and consumption wildlife banned
-20000 wildlife farms shut diwn

59
Q

how much wildlife trade worth precovid china

A

$73 billion

60
Q

how many people wildlife trade employ china

A

100m

61
Q

why is covid unlikley to have large cons effect china

A

-large scource income and employment
-hard to stop consumption need to change culture
-ban drives market to illegal
-illagality make all problem worse
-market cities move rural market

62
Q

What is the impact avian influnexa

A

killed 240 poeple
-killed million poultrary, wild birds and mammals

63
Q

What effect does chritridiomycosis (bd) have amphibian

A

affect skin used for respritation

64
Q

how many species decined or gone extince Bd

A

200

65
Q

why south east asia important bd

A

-geographic hotspot
-original scource

66
Q

how to deal Bd

A

-no cure
-managment prevent spread

67
Q

what 3 scenarios can occur after disease arrive area

A

1)pop fall after arrive, defences improve pop return pre disease level
2)pop species fall sharply , recover partly disease endemic
3) defense disease insufficient species extinct outbreak phase

68
Q

what is DFTD

A

legion mouth head

-cancer infective agent

69
Q

how much pop Tasmanian devil declined dure to DFTD

A

over 60%

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