Why We Sleep - the book Flashcards
Drowsy
[ˈdraʊ.zi]
being in a state between sleeping and being awake
to exceed
[ɪkˈsiːd]
to be greater than a number or amount, or to go past an allowed limit:
The final cost should not exceed $5,000.
Maxim
[ˈmæk.sɪm]
a short statement of a general truth, principle, or rule for behavior
to ward off
[wɔːrd]
to prevent someone or something unpleasant from harming or coming close to you
In the winter I take vitamin C to ward off colds.
the most glaring omission
найбільш кричуще опущення
Glaring
[ˈɡler.ɪŋ]
used to say that something bad is very obvious:
glaring errors
to demystify
[ˌdiːˈmɪs.tə.faɪ]
to make something easier to understand:
What I need is a book that will demystify the workings of a car engine for me.
Sufficient
[səˈfɪʃ.ənt]
enough for a particular purpose:
This recipe should be sufficient for five people.
Ingenious
[ɪnˈdʒiː.ni.əs]
(of a person) very intelligent and skilful, or (of a thing) skilfully made or planned and involving new ideas and methods:
Johnny is so ingenious - he can make the most remarkable sculptures from the most ordinary materials.
Circadian
[sɜːˈkeɪ.di.ən]
used to describe the processes in animals and plants that happen naturally during a 24-hour period:
Our circadian clock makes it difficult to sleep during the day.
Endogenous
[enˈdɒdʒ.ɪ.nəs]
found or coming from within something, for example a system or a person’s body or mind:
Endogenous insulin levels decrease over time in people with type 2 diabetes.
Coincidence
[kəʊˈɪn.sɪ.dəns]
Співпадіння
Diurnal
[ˌdaɪˈɜː.nəl]
being active or happening during the day rather than at night:
diurnal activity
Unyielding
[ʌnˈjiːl.dɪŋ]
completely unwilling to change a decision, opinion, demand, etc.:
Korea is unyielding in its demands for a new treaty.
Irrespective of
[ˌɪr.əˈspek.tɪv]
regardless of
Trough
a low point in a regular series of high and low points
Investing small amounts regularly is a good way of smoothing out the peaks and troughs of the stock market
Their sleepiness trough arrives early at night
to wake at or around dawn
[dɑːn]
Вставати на чи близько світанку
to drift off
to gradually start to sleep:
It is only in the early-morning hours that owls can drift off
to chastise
[tʃæsˈtaɪz]
to criticize someone severely
smb chastises smb on the erroneous assumption
Хтось сильно критикує когось на хибних підставах
Erroneous assumption
[əˈroʊ.ni.əs]
Хибне припущення
to ingrain
to establish something such as a belief so firmly that it is not likely to change:
We want to ingrain good financial habits in people.
Supple work schedule
[ˈsʌp.əl]
Гнучкий робочий графік
Tribe
[traɪb]
Племʼя
Sinister
[ˈsɪn.ə.stɚ]
making you feel that something bad or evil might happen (зловісний):
The ruined house had a sinister appearance.
A sinister-looking man sat in the corner of the room.
Dusk
[dʌsk]
the time before night when it is not yet dark:
As dusk fell, bats began to fly between the trees.
Bullhorn
[ˈbʊl.hɔːrn]
a megaphone
Writ
[rɪt]
a legal document from a law court that tells you that you will be involved in a legal process and explains what you must do(повістка):
a legal document from a court which orders someone to do something or to not do something(вирок):
to hold the assumption
дотримуватися припущення
Distinction
[dɪˈstɪŋk.ʃən]
a difference between two similar things:
There’s a clear distinction between the dialects spoken in the two regions.
to govern
[ˈɡʌv.ɚn]
to have a controlling influence on something
to corral
[kəˈræl]
1) to move horses or cattle into a corral
2) to bring a group of people together and keep them in one place, especially in order to control them
to commence
[kəˈmens]
to begin something:
We will commence building work in August of next year.
… in and of itself
By itself, without considering any other factors(сам по собі):
In and of itself the plan might work, but I doubt that it will be approved.
The placebo effect
[pləˈsiː.boʊ]
a phenomenon in which some people experience a benefit after the administration of an inactive “look-alike” substance or treatment:
She was only given a placebo, but she claimed she got better - that’s the placebo effect.
melatonin
[mel.əˈtoʊ.nɪn]
a hormone in the body that produces changes in skin color and is involved in controlling biorhythms such as our sleep pattern
Evaluation
[ɪˌvæl.juˈeɪ.ʃən]
the process of judging or calculating the quality, importance, amount, or value of something(оцінка)
Thereby
[ˌðerˈbaɪ]
as a result of this action (як наслідок, таким чином)
He knocked over the red wine, thereby ruining the table cloth
In this regard,
[rɪˈɡɑːrd]
in connection with the point previously mentioned.
Advent
[ˈæd.vent]
the fact of an event happening, an invention being made, or a person arriving:
Life was transformed by the advent of the steam engine
to foresee
[fɚˈsiː]
to know about something before it happens (Передбачати)
I don’t foresee any difficulties so long as we keep within budget.
Calamity
[kəˈlæm.ə.t̬i]
a serious accident or bad event causing damage or suffering
A series of calamities ruined them - floods, a failed harvest, and the death of a son.
Lethargy
[ˈleθ.ɚ.dʒi]
the feeling of having little energy or of being unable or unwilling to do anything(вʼялість)
to be swaddled in sleep
[ˈswɑː.dəlt]
бути окутаним сном
to swaddle
[ˈswɑː.dəl]
to wrap a baby tightly in cloth
Swaddling a baby tightly in a blanket can be a good way to stop it crying.
Limbo
[ˈlɪm.boʊ]
an uncertain situation that you cannot control and in which there is no progress or improvement:
to be in limbo
to be in uncertain situation that you cannot control and in which there is no progress or improvement
Until we have official permission to go ahead with the plans we’re in limbo.
to readjust
[ˌriː.əˈdʒʌst]
to change in order to fit a different situation, or to repair something slightly:
After living abroad for so long, he found it difficult to readjust to life at home.
to acclimate
[ˈæk.ləˌmeɪt]
to acclimatize
Torturous
[ˈtɔːr.tʃər.əs]
involving a lot of suffering or difficulty
Strain
[streɪn]
a force or influence that stretches, pulls, or puts pressure on something, sometimes causing damage (натяга, напруга)
Long-haul
[ˈlɑːŋ.hɑːl]
traveling a long distance:
a long-haul flight
long-haul truck drivers
to impair
[ɪmˈper]
to spoil something or make it weaker so that it is less effective
A recurring knee injury may have impaired his chances of winning the tournament.
Considerably
[kənˈsɪd.ɚ.ə.bli]
to a large, noticeable, or important degree:
He’s considerably fatter than he was when I knew him.
His views differ considerably from those of his parents.
Deleterious effect
[ˌdel.ɪˈtɪr.i.əs]
harmful effect
Legitimate compound
[ləˈdʒɪt̬.ə.mət] [ˈkɒm.paʊnd]
Законна/прийнятна суміш
to mimic
1) To copy the way someone speaks and moves, esp. in order to amuse or insult people
2) To mimic is also to have the same or similar effect as something else
to elapse
[iˈlæps]
If time elapses, it goes past
Dial
[ˈdaɪ.əl]
the part of a machine or device that shows you a measurement of something such as speed or time
Irresistible
[ˌɪr.əˈzɪs.tə.bəl]
impossible to refuse, oppose, or avoid because it is too pleasant, attractive, or strong (непереборний)
Urge
[ɝːdʒ]
a strong wish, especially one that is difficult or impossible to control:
The urge to steal is very strong in some of these young men.
Slumber
[ˈslʌm.bɚ]
sleep:
I fell into a gentle slumber
Commodity
[kəˈmɑː.də.t̬i]
a substance or product that can be traded, bought, or sold:
Caffeine is the second most traded commodity on the planet, after oil.
Consumption
[kənˈsʌmp.ʃən]
the amount used or eaten
Unsupervised
[ʌnˈsuː.pɚ.vaɪzd]
without anyone watching to make sure that nothing dangerous or wrong is done or happening
Supervision
[ˌsuː.pɚˈvɪʒ.ən]
the act of watching a person or activity and making certain that everything is done correctly, safely, etc.:
Students are not allowed to handle these chemicals unless they are under the supervision of a teacher.
to latch on to
[lætʃ]
to grab and hold (something)
He latched onto her arm and wouldn’t let go.
to hijack
[ˈhaɪ.dʒæk]
to take control of or use something that does not belong to you for your own advantage:
He resents the way his ideas have been hijacked by others in the department.
(But usually it is about aircrafts)
The upshot
[ˈʌp.ʃɑːt]
something that happens as a result of other actions, events, or decisions:
The upshot of the discussions is that there will be no layoffs.
to peak
[piːk]
to reach the highest, strongest, or best point, value, or level of skill.
Persistence
[pɚˈsɪs.təns]
живучість, стійкість:
persistence of chemical agents
Agent
[ˈeɪ.dʒənt]
An agent is also a chemical substance, organism, or natural force that produces a particular effect by its action.
Efficacy
[ˈef.ə.kə.si]
the ability, especially of a medicine or a method of achieving something, to produce the intended result:
They recently ran a series of tests to measure the efficacy of the drug.
Benign
[bɪˈnaɪn]
pleasant and kind
Reliever
[rɪˈliː.vɚ]
something that makes something unpleasant less strong or less unpleasant:
a pain/stress reliever
a reliever of boredom(the state of being bored)
Insomnia
[ɪnˈsɑːm.ni.ə]
the condition of being unable to sleep, over a period of time:
Holly suffered from insomnia caused by stress at work.
Prevalent
[ˈprev.əl.ənt]
existing very commonly or happening often:
These diseases are more prevalent among young children.
Culprit
[ˈkʌl.prɪt]
someone who has done something wrong(лиходій):
Police hope the public will help them to find the culprits.
to jolt
[dʒoʊlt]
to (cause something or someone to) move suddenly and violently:
The train stopped unexpectedly and we were jolted forward.
to wear off
If a feeling or the effect of something wears off, it gradually disappears:
Most patients find that the numbness from the injection wears off after about an hour.
Liver
[ˈlɪv.ɚ]
печінка
to degrade
[dɪˈɡreɪd]
1) to lower in grade, rank, or status
2) to reduce the quality of something:
3) (of a substance) to change into a more simple chemical structure:
Enzyme
[ˈen.zaɪm]
any of a group of chemical substances that are produced by living cells and cause particular chemical reactions to happen while not being changed themselves:
An enzyme in the saliva of the mouth starts the process of breaking down the food.
Aging
[ˈeɪ.dʒɪŋ]
relating to getting older:
the aging process
Nasty
[ˈnæs.ti]
bad or very unpleasant:
a nasty shock/surprise
There’s a nasty smell in here.
He had a nasty cut above the eye.
to evict
[ɪˈvɪkt]
to force someone to leave somewhere:
He was evicted from the bar for drunken and disorderly behavior.
to plummet
[ˈplʌm.ɪt]
to fall very quickly and suddenly:
House prices have plummeted in recent months.
Several large rocks were sent plummeting down the mountain.
She plummeted to the ground.
to dismantle
[dɪˈsmæn.t̬əl]
1)to disconnect the pieces of:
We will have to dismantle the engine
2)also : to destroy the integrity or functioning of:
The program was later dismantled due to a lack of funding.
Vicious
[ˈvɪʃ.əs]
(of an act) intending to hurt badly, or (of a person or animal) likely to be violent(лютий):
Backlash
[ˈbæk.læʃ]
a strong, negative reaction to something, esp. to change
The mayor foresaw no political backlash against his proposal.
Aforementioned
[əˈfɔːrˌmen.ʃənd]
mentioned earlier
to drench
[drentʃ]
to make someone or something extremely wet:
A sudden thunderstorm had drenched us to the skin.
to drench sb to the skin
Промочити когось до кісточок
Abundant
[əˈbʌn.dənt]
more than enough:
an abundant supply of food
to purge of
[pɝːdʒ]
to get rid of something unwanted, harmful, or evil:
The new state governor has promised to purge the police force of corruption.
to march
[mɑːrtʃ]
крокувати
Fortuitously
[fɔːrˈtuː.ə.t̬əs.li]
in a way that happens by chance rather than being planned, and is to your advantage:
This has come very fortuitously, when we most need it.
Deprivation
[ˌdep.rəˈveɪ.ʃən]
a situation in which you do not have things or conditions that are usually considered necessary for a pleasant life
Drain
[dreɪn]
a pipe or channel that is used to carry away waste matter and water from a building, or an opening in the road that rain water can flow down (водостік)
Salvation
[sælˈveɪ.ʃən]
(a way of) being saved from danger, loss, or harm:
The answer resides with your twenty-four-hour circadian rhythm, which offers a brief period of salvation from sleepiness.
Oblivious of
[əˈblɪv.i.əs]
not conscious of something, especially what is happening around you:
Absorbed in her work, she was totally oblivious of her surroundings.
to escalate
[ˈes.kə.leɪt]
to become or make something become greater or more serious (нарощувати, накопичувати):
His financial problems escalated after he became unemployed.
to pile on
to increase quickly:
After she had the heart attack, the pounds piled on, and her weight rose to 15 stone.
Immense
[ɪˈmens]
extremely large in size or degree:
immense wealth/value
to blanket
to cover something completely with a thick layer:
Outside the fields were blanketed in fog.
to be blanketed in slumber
бути покритим сном
Grip
[ɡrɪp]
a tight hold on something or someone:
She tightened her grip on my arm.
Assessment
[əˈses.mənt]
the act of judging or deciding the amount, value, quality, or importance of something, or the judgment or decision that is made:
The insurers will need to assess the flood damage.
They assessed the cost of the flood damage at $2,500.
Thoroughly
[ˈθɝː.ə.li]
completely, very much:
I thoroughly enjoyed the performance.
Deficiency
[dɪˈfɪʃ.ən.si]
a state of not having, or not having enough, of something that is needed
Rife
[raɪf]
If something unpleasant is rife, it is very common or happens a lot
to snore
[snɔːr]
хропіти
Immediate
[ɪˈmiː.di.ət]
happening or done without delay or very soon after something else:
We must make an immediate response.
Dioxin is a poison that takes immediate effect.
to contribute to
сприяти чомусь
Psychiatric
[ˌsaɪ.kiˈæt.rɪk]
of or relating to the study of mental illness
Prior
[praɪr]
existing or happening before something else, or before a particular time:
The class required no prior knowledge of Spanish.
They had to refuse the dinner invitation because of a prior engagement (= something already planned for that time).
Forth
[fɔːrθ]
(from a place) out or away, or (from a point in time) forward:
They set forth on their travels in early June.
From that day forth he never drank again.
to resemble sth
[rɪˈzem.bəl]
to look like or be like someone or something:
You resemble your mother very closely.
After the earthquake, the city resembled a battlefield.
Hazard
[ˈhæz.ɚd]
something that is dangerous and likely to cause damage
a health/fire hazard
Litany
[ˈlɪt.ən.i]
a long list spoken or given to someone, esp. to someone who has heard or seen it before or finds it boring:
She had to hear once again his litany of complaints over how badly he was treated.
Blunder
[ˈblʌn.dɚ]
a serious mistake, usually caused by not taking care or thinking
Circuit
[ˈsɝː.kɪt]
a closed system of wires or pipes through which electricity or liquid can flow:
A defect was found in the water-cooling/electrical circuit.
Composure
[kəmˈpoʊ.ʒɚ]
The feeling of being calm, confident, and in control:
I didn’t want to lose my composure in front of her.
Desperately
[ˈdes.pɚ.ət.li]
extremely or very much:
He was desperately ill.
They desperately wanted a child.
to be enthralled by
[ɪnˈθrɑːl]
to be completely interested in sth
to enthrall sb
[ɪnˈθrɑːl]
to keep someone completely interested:
The baseball game completely enthralled the crowd.
Dementia
[dɪˈmen.ʃə]
недоумство
Ambiguous
[æmˈbɪɡ.ju.əs]
having or expressing more than one possible meaning, sometimes intentionally (неоднозначний):
His reply to my question was somewhat ambiguous.
to lay out a road map of
Slang to start or resume travelling:
- I lay out a road map of ideas that can reconnect humanity with the sleep it remains so bereft of—a new vision for sleep in the twenty-first century.
- Dreskin said there was room in South America and Asia but declined to lay out a roadmap, noting “We’re examining all international opportunities”.
to swaddle
[ˈswɑː.dəl]
to wrap a baby tightly in cloth:
Swaddling a baby tightly in a blanket can be a good way to stop it crying.
