why was apartheid collapsing by 1989 Flashcards

1
Q

1985

A

Jan - Botha offered to free Mandela if her ‘unconditionally’ rejected violence as a political instrument

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2
Q

Security forces

A

began to enlist unemployed, illiterate blacks to help destroy the organisations, like the UDF and ANC

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3
Q

Botha announced

A

in Jan 1986 that SA had ‘outgrown the outdated concept of Apartheid’

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4
Q

Botha’s changes

A

pass laws were replaced and influx control ended

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5
Q

Botha launched

A

raids on ANC bases in Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe

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6
Q

US sanctions

A

became mandatory in Oct 1986 - led to 50% fall in American investments in the country

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7
Q

ANC and UDF

A

attempted to ‘render the country ungovernable’

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8
Q

increased strikes

A

1985 - 680,000 working days lost

1987 - over a million lost

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9
Q

1988

A

COSATU launched the largest strike in SA history - 70% agreed to strike

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10
Q

bombing

A

rose from 45 in 1984 to 281 in 1988

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11
Q

Civilian Cooperation Bureau

A

established in 1987

sought to eliminate those identified as enemies of the state

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12
Q

Angola

A

SA forces retreated south to avoid loss of equipment and likely defeat

outnumbered by Cuban troops

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13
Q

1988 Angola

A

Aug - Botha withdrew from Angola and began negotiations for Namibia’s independence

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14
Q

cost of imports

A

rose by 60% in 1986-7

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15
Q

unable to borrow

A

from international banks, SA used by almost half its foreign exchange reserve in 14 months

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16
Q

end of 1980s

A

the value of the Rand plummetted