Why did the Nevilles support York 1453-55? mine

Question 1

what are 3 theories for why the Nevilles came to support York?

Answer 1

• Alienation from the royal court
• Conflict between the Neville and Percy families
• (Land) Disputes between Warwick and Somerset

Question 2

why did the Nevilles feel alienated from court?

Answer 2

• various members of the Neville family did not recover offices and possessions from the Crown 1450-53 that they thought they had a claim to
• they felt excluded by the introduction of the Tudor brothers

Question 3

give an example of an office/possession the Neville family did not recover from the Crown 1450-53

Answer 3

Warwick did not recover his previous position as governor of the Channel Islands nor did he regain Feckenham manor

Question 4

why did HVI’s ennobling of his half-brothers impact the Nevilles?

Answer 4

• to ennoble them, he had to provide them with enough wealth so they could properly enjoy the position; widely seen as an income of a minimum of 1000 marks (~£666)
• this encroached on what the Nevilles saw as theirs, in land and political standing

Question 5

when were edmund and jasper tudor elevated to the peerage?

Answer 5

23 November 1452

Question 6

where did jasper tudor become earl of?

Answer 6

he became Earl of Pembroke

Question 7

who did jasper tudor gain his lordship as Earl of Pembroke from?

Answer 7

the young duke of Suffolk

Question 8

where did edmund tudor become earl of?

Answer 8

Richmond, in Yorkshire

Question 9

why was the fact that Edmund Tudor became Earl of Richmond particularly important?

Answer 9

• he received the castle, honour, and estates that had long been coveted by the Nevilles and that Salisbury thought he had secured
• this loss was likely permanent as Edmund died in 1456 but he had a son, Henry, to succeed him

Question 10

in what way, other than material possessions, did the ennobling of Edmund and Jasper Tudor impact the Nevilles?

Answer 10

Jasper and Edmund were granted precedence over the Earl of Warwick; he had previously been regarded as the premier earl of the realm

Question 11

give a limitation to the theory that alienation from the royal court caused the Nevilles to support York

Answer 11

• Both Nevilles were rewarded for their loyalty to the king at Dartford 1452: Warwick received £300 and gained confirmation of his Welsh lands, in May 1452 Warwick was appointed to a commission of the peace for Warwickshire, in June 1452 Warwick went on a commission to punish York’s supporters

Question 12

how were the Nevilles rewarded for their loyalty to the king at Dartford 1452?

Answer 12

• Warwick received £300 and gained confirmation of his Welsh lands
• May 1452 Warwick was appointed to a commission of the peace for Warwickshire
• June 1452 Warwick went on a commission to punish York’s supporters

Question 13

why was there a rivalry between the Nevilles and Percies?

Answer 13

Nevilles had been steadily gaining power and influence in the north, and by 1453 they were beginning to eclipse the Percies who had been powerful there for a lot longer

Question 14

what was the turning point in the dispute between the nevilles and percies?

Answer 14

the marriage of the Earl of Salisbury’s son, Thomas Neville, to one of the heiresses of Lord Cromwell - Maud Stanhope - was regarded as deeply provocative to the Percies

Question 15

why was the marriage of the Earl of Salisbury’s son, Thomas Neville, to one of the heiresses of Lord Cromwell (Maud Stanhope) regarded as deeply provocative to the Percies?

Answer 15

Cromwell held some estates that the Percies thought were theirs and were trying to recover; the marriage would have seen them pass to their rivals, the Nevilles

Question 16

how did the crown attempt to subdue the feud between the nevilles and percies?

Answer 16

royal letters sent to enforce the peace between the 2 families but were ignored

Question 17

when did outright violence begin between the nevilles and percies?

Answer 17

• August 1453 the Nevilles were attacked by a Percy force as they returned from the wedding; there was a small battle at Heworth, just north of York, and 700 men were later indicted for their participation
• further scale demonstrations followed; by October 1453 there was virtual civil war in North Yorkshire

Question 18

how many men were indicted for their participation in the battle at heworth?

Answer 18

700

Question 19

why did the percies and nevilles fall behind york and somerset?

Answer 19

both sides looked for external support; given that Warwick was already in dispute with Somerset, it made sense for the Percies to turn to him and, in the circumstances, it was perhaps inevitable that the Nevilles then turned to support from Somerset’s enemy, York

Question 20

what limitation is there to the theory that the percy-neville feud caused the nevilles to support york?

Answer 20

although the Nevilles and Percies had recently come to blows, they had peacefully co-existed in the north for over 50 years prior to this moment

Question 21

what 2 inheritances were the main cause of dispute between the nevilles and somerset?

Answer 21

the Beauchamp and Despenser Inheritances

Question 22

what was the Beauchamp Inheritance and why was it an issue?

Answer 22

• Henry Beauchamp, Duke of Warwick, died 1446 leaving his lands and titles to his sister Anne. She was married to Richard Neville (Warwick). Henry and Anne also had 3 half-sisters, Margaret, Eleanor and Elizabeth, who also claimed a share of the inheritance
• Eleanor was married to Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset
• he claimed a share of the inheritance

Question 23

what was the Despenser Inheritance and why was it an issue?

Answer 23

• some of Warwick’s lands came from his wife’s mother, Isabel Despenser, but he did not have complete control of the large inheritance he stood to gain, because his wife was also co-heiress to that
• his young relative, George Neville (Lord Bergaveney) also had claim over the Despenser lordship of Glamorgan, but he was a child
• Somerset, who was land-poor, made it clear that he was determined to grab as much of the Despenser Inheritance as possible and this came largely at Warwick’s expense

Question 24

who originally had control over the Despenser lordship of Glamorgan?

Answer 24

George Neville, Lord Bergaveney

Question 25

how did the dispute over the Despenser Inheritance escalate?

Answer 25

• Warwick acquired the wardship of George in 1450, gaining full control of the Despenser lands but the resumption act 1451 returned the wardship of George Neville to HVI
• June 1453 HVI granted wardship of George to Somerset, meaning that the estates that Lord Bergaveney claimed went (at least temporarily) to Somerset
• Somerset demanded that Warwick hand over the Despenser lands, which included the town and castle of Cardiff and large areas of Glamorgan. Warwick refused and garrisoned Cardiff Castle, preparing to hold the Despenser lands gainst Somerset by force of arms

Question 26

how was the issue of the Despenser inheritance resolved by Henry VI?

Answer 26

• end of July 1453 HVI called a Council at his palace of Sheen, after which he ordered Warwick to hand over the castle and lands to Somerset
• hardly an impartial judgement as Somerset had been present at the Council whereas Warwick had not even been invited to state his case

Question 27

give a limitation to the theory that the dispute between the nevilles and somerset caused them to support york

Answer 27

• although this was a source of great anger to Warwick, he was already rich
• this matter only directly affected Warwick, rather than the families of Middleham as a whole