Key Developments 1456-58 (mine)

Question 1

how long did the councillors York had worked with (and largely appointed) during the Second Protectorate continue in their roles for?

Answer 1

7 months after York was relieved of his office as Protector on 25th February 1456

Question 2

who were the councillors York had worked with (and largely appointed) during the Second Protectorate replaced by?

Answer 2

supporters of Lancastrian court by end of Oct 1456

Question 3

what was a significant dismissal in government after the end of the Second Protectorate?

Answer 3

Bourchiers, who were willing to work with the Yorkists

Question 4

what evidence is there that York initially maintained some political power after the end of the Second Protectorate?

Answer 4

May 1456 York became involved, on HVI’s behalf, in a diplomatic conflict with James II of Scotland, who was threatening to invade

Question 5

how did York handle the diplomatic conflict with James II in May 1456?

Answer 5

• July and August York replied to James’ threats to invade, offering threats and taunts from his northern castle of Sandal
• York was effective in deterring James II from invading

Question 6

how was York’s residual influence shown in government, even after the end of the Second Protectorate?

Answer 6

• July 1456 Warwick was able to take full possession of Calais as its captain
• no parliaments 1456-9 asgovernment feared York may manipulate Commons, who he remained popular with. however, attempts to put York on trial for his previous actions came to nothing as the nobility in general, sought reconciliation, not division

Question 7

why did Margaret need to increase her dominance 1456-58?

Answer 7

Although Margaret had secured the great offices of government, e.g. Chancellor, for her supporters, they still functioned in London, away from her direct control

Question 8

how did Margaret influence the royal court 1456-58?

Answer 8

• Sep 1456-July 1460, more than half of HVI’s time was spent in the midlands; highly unusual for the king to spend so long away from London and the Southeast
• the royal court migrated to Coventry, in part a reaction to growing tumult and unpopularity of the regime in London but it was Margaret who prompted HVI to dwell largely in the midlands

Question 9

what evidence is there that Margaret increasing controlled the king’s household and government?

Answer 9

• during the appointment of new bishop of Durham in 1457, Margaret proposed Lawrence Booth, her supporter; HVI recommended John Arundel, his chaplain. Booth was appointed and Arundel received the lesser bishopric of Chichester 1459
• 1459: John Hales, Margaret’s chaplain since 1445 and chaplain 1457-9, became bishop of Coventry and Lichfield

Question 10

during November 1455-August 1456, who was Edmund Tudor in conflict with? who was victorious?

Answer 10

Nicholas ap Gruffydd for control in South Wales; Edmund was eventually victorious

Question 11

why was the Royal court alarmed in August 1456, by events in Wales?

Answer 11

a force of ~2000 men, led by the loyal Yorkist supporters Sir William Herbert and Sir Walter Devereux, marched to Pembroke, seized Edmund Tudor and Carmarthen Castle, and moved to take Aberystwyth

Question 12

how did Edmund Tudor die?

Answer 12

was captured by Sir William Herbert and Sir Walter Deveruex, then released, but died shortly after

Question 13

how were Herbert and Devereux dealt with after their mini uprising in Wales August 1456?

Answer 13

• Herbert and Devereux were eventually apprehended; Herbert submitted and was pardoned and Devereux was imprisoned
• 21 April 1457: York’s constableships of Carmarthen and Aberystwyth were transferred to Jasper Tudor who became the dominant power in South Wales

Question 14

how did Margaret try to establish dominance over North Wales and North-West England 1456-58?

Answer 14

via the prince’s council set up for Edward Prince of Wales (and Earl of Chester)

Question 15

where did Margaret try to establish dominance over 1456-58?

Answer 15

North Wales and North-West England

Question 16

how did Margaret set up the Prince’s council?

Answer 16

• 28 January 1457: queen made a series of appointments to set up the prince’s council, including Lawrence Booth, Bishop Waynflete, Bishop Stanbury of Hereford, Duke of Buckingham’s heir (died 1458), Earl of Shrewsbury, Wiltshire, Lord Beaumont, Lord Dudley, and Lord Stanley, who were all paid from the estates that had been granted to Edward

Question 17

who were Margaret’s Lancastrian Supporters?

Answer 17

established over the course of 1457-8; a coalition of noble support dedicated to the royal family, especially Edward

Question 18

who was included in Margaret’s Lancastrian Supporters?

Answer 18

• a Disparate group inlcuding: hotheads like Devon and Exeter, longstanding courtiers like Wiltshire and Beaumont, some who had been formerly prepared to work with York’s Protectorates like Pembroke and Shrewsbury, the heirs of those killed at St Albans like Somerset, Northumberland, and Clifford
• Stanleys had heir authority enhanced by their position on the prince’s council; held Lancashire for Margaret

Question 19

why did the king and nobility to return to London before Loveday?

Answer 19

August 1457: French raid on Sandwich

Question 20

who originally controlled loveday and what was their intention?

Answer 20

council of lords following the king and nobility’s return to London after a French raid on Sandwich, attempted a general reconciliation (due to concern about the external threat)

Question 21

how did Margaret influence Loveday?

Answer 21

• planning for Loveday was dominated by Margaret
• she focused on the results of the battle of St Albans which brought up old wounds and painted Yorkists in bad light by ignoring the reasons for their actions
• Yorkists required to pay £5000 compensation to Beauforts and £666 to Cliffords
• £15000 damages awarded to Nevilles from Percies were cancelled
• Yorkists had to provide for a chantry to be built at St Albans for those killed by them

Question 22

how much did the Yorkists have to pay as compensation to Beauforts in Loveday?

Answer 22

£5000

Question 23

how much did the Yorkists have to pay as compensation to Cliffords in Loveday?

Answer 23

£666

Question 24

what did Warwick do which meant in 1458 he was summoned to the king’s court?

Answer 24

as Captain of Calais, he undertook increasing piratical attacks from Calais against Italian and Flemish shipping which was illegal and in violation of his position as ‘keeper of the seas’

Question 25

how did Warwick avoid being held to account for his piracy 1458?

Answer 25

• 9 November, leaving a council session, became involved in a fight in Westminster Hall where he nearly died: one of his retainers had struck the first blow against a royal servant (an offence against the king). The dispute escalated as cooks came from royal kitchens, armed with spits and Warwick’s men suffered serious causalities; he required the intervention of other lords at the council to make his way to a barge
• Warwick regarded the attack as a deliberate assassination attempt but as his man had started it, Margaret blamed Warwick and wanted him punished, but HVI wouldn’t allow it
• Warwick returned, with the king’s permission, to Calais