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War of the Roses > Battles 1459-61 > Flashcards

Battles 1459-61 Flashcards

1
Q

when was the battle of blore heath?

A

23rd September 1459

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2
Q

when was the rout of ludford bridge?

A

12th October 1459

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3
Q

when was the battle of newnham?

A

23rd April 1460

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4
Q

when was the battle of northampton?

A

10th July 1460

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5
Q

when was the battle of wakefield?

A

30th December 1460

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6
Q

when was the battle of mortimer’s cross?

A

2nd February 1461

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7
Q

when was the second battle of st albans?

A

17th February 1461

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8
Q

when was the battle of ferrybridge?

A

28th March 1461

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9
Q

when was the battle of towton?

A

29th March 1461

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10
Q

how big were the Yorkists forces at Towton?

A

~25,000

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11
Q

how big were the Lancastrian forces at Towton?

A

~30,000

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12
Q

who were the main leaders of the Yorkist forces at Towton?

A
  • Edward of York/March
  • Duke of Norfolk, John de Mowbray
  • Lord Fauconberg
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13
Q

who was the main leader of the Lancastrian forces at Towton?

A

Duke of Somerset (Henry Beaufort)

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14
Q

who was the Yorkist leader in the Battle of Blore Heath?

A

Earl of Salisburyw

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15
Q

who were the Lancastrian leaders in the Battle of Blore Heath?

A

Lords Audley and Dudley

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16
Q

who died at the battle of Blore Heath?

A
  • Lord Audley
  • Lord Dudley captured
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17
Q

what was the significance of the Battle of Blore Heath?

A
  • Yorkist victory
  • Audley killed which upset Margaret
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18
Q

why did the Battle of Blore Heath start?

A

Lancastrians tried to prevent Salisbury from moving South to join York; raised several armies and spread them across the Midlands

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19
Q

what armies were raised before the Battle of Blore Heath, and who directed them?

A
  • East: Henry VI based around Nottingham
  • West Midlands: Duke of Somerset
  • Chester: Queen Margaret and Prince Edward
  • Cheshire: James Touchet (Lord Audley)
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20
Q

whose support and attitude was uncertain in the Battle of Blore Heath?

A

the Stanleys; major landowner in Cheshire

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21
Q

who did the Stanleys support in the Battle of Blore Heath?

A
  • Royal army expected support; didn’t get it
  • Lord Thomas Stanley claimed to be loyal but never joined Margaret’s army
  • Sir William Stanley joined Salisbury
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22
Q

summarise the Battle of Blore Heath

A
  • Salisbury moved South and when he reached Newcastle under Lyme, Margaret was just to South of Eccleshall
  • Margaret missed the chance to intercept him by waiting for Lord Stanley to arrive so Salisbury able to move West past her, heading for Market Drayton in Shropshire
  • Salisbury intercepted by Lord Audley at Blore Heath
  • Salisbury probably out numbered
  • Salisbury appears to have quickly entrenched Lord Audley
  • Lord Audley led 2 cavalry charges against Yorkis lines but Both failed andin 2nd, Audley killed
  • Command passed to John Dudley, Lord Dudley
  • Series of infantry attacks on Yorkist lines also failed and Lancastrian cavalry gave way, followed by infantry
  • In the pursuit, Dudley was captured
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23
Q

which Yorkists were involved in the Rout of Ludford Bridge?

A
  • Richard of York
  • Edmund of Rutland
  • Earl of Salisbury
  • Earl of Warwick
  • Edward of March
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24
Q

what was the significance of the Rout of Ludford Bridge?

A
  • King was present
  • York and Edmund fled north and then to Ireland
  • Salisbury, Warwick, and March fled south ending up in Devon, where they found a ship
  • Lancastrian victory
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25
Q

how did the Yorkists set up before the Rout of Ludford Bridge?

A
  • Ludlow town on north bank of River Teme, sits in a bend covering it from south and west; River Corve runs along northern side, joining Teme just to North
  • Main bridge across Teme at Southern side of town and led to Ludford; Yorkists built a defensive position at Ludford bridge, where their army was posted
  • York’s men on south bank of Teme, with bridge behind
  • Had field artillery mounted on carts forming the front line, with outnumbered troops behind
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26
Q

why did the rout of ludford bridge end up happening there?

A

Combined Yorkist army moved south-east from Ludlow to Worcester; Royal army approached so retreated south to Tewksbury then fell back north-west to Ludlow

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27
Q

How did the rout of ludford bridge begin?

A
  • Royal army approached Ludford bridge from south; Yorkist guns fired at Royal army
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28
Q

how did the rout of ludford bridge end?

A
  • York was aware the king’s presence was potentially demoralising for his men, and a pardon was very tempting; he Tried to convince his men the king was dead, but failed
  • Trollope and the experienced Calais men changed sides, accepting the pardon; Claimed they didn’t expect to have to fight the king in person
  • this is Unconvincing, but it is unknown what Warwick told the garrison before leaving Calais
  • Yorkist leaders announced they would retire to Ludlow Castle for the night; decided to flee, abandoning the men
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29
Q

who was the Lancastrian leader involevd in the Battle of Newnham Bridge?

A

Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset

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30
Q

why did the battle of newnham bridge occur?

A
  • after being appointed Captain of Calais, Somerset was going to have to oust the Yorkists from Calais to take up his position.
  • Calais is sited in a strong defensive position; to access Medieval Calais, an attack would have to come from the sea or across one narrow strip of land.
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31
Q

how was the battle of newnham bridge won?

A

Resounding Yorkist victory as the Lancastrian artillery became waterlogged and could not fire.

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32
Q

who were the main Yorkists involved in the Battle of Northampton?

A
  • Earl of Salisbury (Richard Neville)
  • Earl of Warwick (Richard Neville)
  • Edward of March
33
Q

who were the main Lancastrians involved in the Battle of Northampton?

A
  • Duke of Buckingham
  • Lord Beaumont
  • Earl of Shrewsbury
  • Lord Egremont
  • Henry VI
  • Queen Margaret
34
Q

who died at the Battle of Northampton?

A
  • Lord Beaumont
  • Duke of Buckingham
  • Earl of Shrewsbury
  • Lord Egremont
35
Q

what was the significance of the Battle of Northampton?

A
  • less than 300 men died, but this included Buckingham, Shrewsbury, Egremont, and Beaumont
  • HVI captured by Yorkists; with the king, they could assume the pose of loyal subjects, nominate a new ministry, and throw the odium of disloyalty upon their opponents.
  • Lord Grey defected to Yorkists as they promised to support him
  • Margaret and Edward of Wales still at large, and northern lords still under arms
36
Q

how many men-at-arms did Warwick, Salisbury and Edward land at Sandwich with on 26 June 1460 before the Battle of Northampton?

A

2000

37
Q

where were Margaret and HVI on 26 June 1460 when Warwick, Salisbury, and Edward landed at Sandwich before the Battle of Northampton?

A

Coventry

38
Q

how large was the army of supporters that Warwick entered London with on 2 July 1460 before the Battle of Northampton?

A

~10,000

39
Q

how did the king respond when Warwick entered London with on 2 July 1460 before the Battle of Northampton, with 10,000 supporters?

A

The King’s forces took up a defensive position at Northampton, in the grounds of Delapré Abbey, with their backs to the River Nene and a water-filled ditch in front of them, topped with stakes.

40
Q

how large was HVI’s defending army at Northampton?

A

defending army was ~5,000, consisting mainly of men-at-arms but also had some field artillery

41
Q

what negotiations occurred during the Battle of Northampton?

A
  • While approaching, Warwick sent a delegate to negotiate with the King on his behalf.
  • Lancastrian commander, Duke of Buckingham, replied “The Earl of Warwick shall not come to the King’s presence and if he comes he shall die.”
  • During Warwick’s advance to Northampton he was twice more denied access to the King’s person. Once in position, he sent a message that read “At 2 o’clock I will speak with the King or I will die”
42
Q

how did the weather affect the Battle of Northampton?

A
  • rain filled the trench round the Lancastrian camp, and made it a formidable obstacle
  • rain also spoilt nearly all the powder of Buckingham’s numerous artillery, so that few or no shots could be discharged when the Yorkists began to move.
43
Q

how did Lord Grey help the Yorkists win the Battle of Northampton?

A
  • attack on the trenches had hardly begun when Lord Grey, whose men held the left of the lines, mounted the badge of the “Ragged Staff,” and admitted the enemy within the entrenchments
  • his men were seen reaching their hands down to pull the Yorkists up the bank, which they could not have mounted without aid.
  • The column commanded by March was able to penetrate the camp, and sweep along its front to clear the way for other divisions to enter.
44
Q

why did Lord Grey defect in the Battle of Northampton?

A

The betrayal came from a secret message from Lord Grey to March, saying he would change sides if the Yorkists would back him in a property dispute with Lord Fanhope. There may also have been inducements and promises of high office by Warwick; Grey became Treasurer of England in 1463.

45
Q

how did the Battle of Northampton end, after Lord Grey had defected?

A
  • defenders unable to manoeuvre inside the fortifications, and fled as their line was rolled up by attacking Yorkists.
  • Duke of Buckingham, Earl of Shrewsbury, Lord Egremont and Lord Beaumont all died trying to save Henry as they strove by a last rally to gain him time to flee. But Henry failed to get away and was taken prisoner.
46
Q

who were the main Yorkist leaders involved in the Battle of Wakefield?

A
  • Richard of York
  • Edmund Earl of Rutland
  • Sir Thomas Neville
  • Lord Harington
  • William Bonville
  • Richard Neville Earl of Salisbury
47
Q

who died at the Battle of Wakefield?

A
  • Edmund Earl of Rutland
  • Richard of York
  • Richard Neville Earl of Salisbury
  • Sir Thomas Neville (Salisbury’s second son)
48
Q

what was the significance of the Battle of Wakefield?

A
  • major Yorkists killed
  • rallied remainging Yorkists under Edward of March and Richard Neville Earl of Warwick
  • cemented dynastic rivalry of Yorkists and Lancastrians
  • turning point: temporary Yorkist downfall
  • allowed the Yorkists to claim the Act of Accord had been violated
49
Q

how did the Battle of Wakefield start?

A
  • 21 December 1460: York reached Sandal Castle near Wakefield and sent probes towards Lancastrian camp at Pontefract 9 miles to east, but these were repulsed.
  • York sent for help to his son Edward, but before reinforcements could arrive, he sortied from the castle
50
Q

why did York sortie from the castle early, in the Battle of Wakefield?

A
  • one theory is that, in a stratagem possibly devised by Andrew Trollope, half the Lancastrian army under Somerset and Clifford advanced openly towards Sandal Castle, over “Wakefield Green” between the castle and the River Calder, while the remainder under Ros were concealed in the woods surrounding the area. York was probably short of provisions and, seeing that the enemy were apparently no stronger than his own army, seized the opportunity to engage them in the open rather than withstand a siege while waiting for reinforcements.
  • another theory is that, possibly in addition to Trollope’s deception, York was fooled by some of John Neville of Raby’s forces displaying false colours into thinking that reinforcements sent by Warwick had arrived. Having gathered this force and enticed York to leave the castle to rendezvous with him, John Neville then defected to the Lancastrians. Trollope had also allegedly sent messages to York via feigned deserters that he was prepared to change sides once again.
  • Another theory was that York and Somerset had agreed a truce during Christmas-6 January, the Feast of Epiphany. On 3 successive days, they sent heralds to provoke York into premature action with insulting messages and when York moved into the open the Lancastrians attacked earlier than had been agreed, catching York at a disadvantage while many of his men were absent foraging for supplies.
  • The simplest suggestion was that York acted rashly; there was no Lancastrian deception or ambush but York led his men from the castle on a foraging expedition (or to rescue some of his foragers who were under attack) and as successive Lancastrian contingents joined the battle (the last being Clifford’s division, encamped south and east of Sandal Magna), York’s army was outnumbered, surrounded and overwhelmed.
51
Q

summarise the Battle of Wakefield

A
  • As York engaged the Lancastrians to his front, others attacked him from the flank and rear, cutting him off from the castle.
  • Rutland attempted to escape over Wakefield Bridge, but was overtaken and killed, possibly by Clifford in revenge for his father’s death at St Albans.
  • Salisbury’s son in law William, Lord Harington and Harington’s father, William Bonville, were captured and executed immediately after the battle.
  • Salisbury escaped the battlefield but was captured during the night, and taken to the Lancastrian camp. Although the Lancastrian nobles might have been prepared to allow Salisbury to ransom himself, he was dragged out of Pontefract Castle and beheaded by local commoners, to whom he had been a harsh overlord
52
Q

who were the main Yorkist leaders in the Battle of Mortimer’s Cross?

A
  • Sir William Herbert
  • Sir Walter Devereux
  • Edward of March (now Duke of York)
53
Q

who were the main Lancastrian leaders in the Battle of Mortimer’s Cross?

A
  • Owen Tudor
  • Jasper Earl of Pembroke
  • Earl of Wiltshire, James Butler
53
Q

who died in the Battle of Mortimer’s Cross?

A

Owen Tudor

54
Q

what was the significance of the Battle of Mortimer’s Cross?

A
  • first time Edward of March led a battle; he had come of age - contrast to HVI
  • Owen Tudor killed; possible motive for Jasper Tudor’s revenge
  • Yorkists defeat a more powerful Lancastria force
  • belief of god supporting the Yorkist regime
55
Q

why did the Battle of Mortimer’s Cross occur?

A
  • March sought to prevent Lancastrian forces from Wales, led by Owen and Jasper Tudor, from joining up with the main body of Lancastrian forces which was approaching London.
  • After spending Christmas in Gloucester, March began to prepare to return to London
  • Pembroke’s hostile army was approaching, and he changed his plan to to block Pembroke’s advance
56
Q

how large were the Lancastrian forces in the Battle of Mortimer’s Cross?

A

~6000

57
Q

what was the make-up of the Lancastrian force in the Battle of Mortimer’s Cross?

A

Lancastrian army included Welshmen, drawn especially from the area of the Tudor lands in Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire, as well as French and Breton mercenaries and Irish troops led by Wiltshire.

58
Q

how large were the Yorkist forces in the Battle of Mortimer’s Cross?

A

~5000

59
Q

what was the make-up of the Yorkist force in the Battle of Mortimer’s Cross?

A

mainly from the English border counties and from Wales

60
Q

how did the Yorkists set up for Mortimer’s Cross?

A
  • Sir William Herbert commanded the Yorkist left flank, Sir Walter Devereux commanded the Yorkist right flank, with Edward in the centre.
  • Yorkist archers occupied the wooded bank, forward of the main line, forming an ambush to catch the left wing of the approaching Lancastrians.
  • March probably also concealed a squadron of mounted men in the small Buzzard valley on his right, beyond the archers.
61
Q

what was the impact of the parhelion at dawn in the Battle of Mortimer’s Cross?

A

The appearance of this ‘sun dog’ so soon before the battle seems to have frightened his troops, but March appears to have convinced them that it represented the Holy Trinity and that therefore God was on their side.

62
Q

summarise the Battle of Mortimer’s Cross

A
  • By midday, it was clear that the Lancastrians would have to fight in order to cross the River Lugg.
  • Butler’s ‘battle’ led the first assault, forcing Devereux’s forces to retreat.
  • Pembroke faced Edward’s centre division and was held off but Owen Tudor’s forces on the Lancastrian right flank attempted an encirclement of the Yorkist left wing; his ‘battle’ was defeated, and a rout commenced.
  • Pembroke’s centre then also broke, and the battle was won.
  • Owen Tudor’s men fled, and some were followed as far as Hereford, where Owen was himself captured and beheaded.
63
Q

who were the main Yorkist leaders in the Second Battle of St Albans?

A
  • Duke of Norfolk
  • John Neville
  • Earl of Warwick
64
Q

who were the main Lancastrian leaders in the Second Battle of St Albans?

A
  • Duke of Somerset
  • Earl of Northumberland
  • Lord Clifford
  • Andrew Trollope
65
Q

what was the significance of the Battle of St Albans?

A
  • looting by Lancastrians encouraged resistance to them when they arrive at London
  • Lancastrians regained HVI
66
Q

how large was the lancastrian army in the second battle of st albans, and what was its make-up?

A

~12,000-15,000 men with a substantial contingent from West Country, but many of its men were from the Scottish Borders/Scotland, who subsisted largely on plunder

67
Q

where did the Lancastrian army march after Wakefield?

A

south towards london

68
Q

why did the second battle of st albans occur?

A

Warwick moved to block Margaret’s army’s route to London.

69
Q

how large was the yorkist army in the second battle of st albans?

A

~10000

70
Q

how did the Yorkists set up for the second battle of st albans?

A
  • took up position north of St Albans astride the main road, and set up several fixed defences, (e.g. cannons and obstacles like caltrops and pavises studded with spikes)
  • Warwick’s forces divided into three “Battles”: He led the Main Battle in the centre; Norfolk led the Forward Battle on the right and John Neville commanded the Rear Battle on the left.
  • Although strong, their lines faced north only.
71
Q

how did Margaret manage to suprise the yorkists at the second battle of st albans?

A
  • 16 February: Margaret’s army swerved sharply west and captured Dunstable.
  • local people tried and failed to resist them.
  • Warwick’s scouts failed to detect this move.
  • From Dunstable, Margaret’s forces moved south-east at night, towards St Albans.
  • Lancastrian forces, led by Trollope, attacked the town shortly after dawn.
72
Q

who is alleged to be a traitor at the second battle of st albans?

A

It has been argued Margaret’s forces knew of Warwick’s dispositions through Sir Henry Lovelace, the steward of Warwick’s household. Lovelace had been captured by the Lancastrians at Wakefield but had been spared from execution and released, (allegedly he was offered the Earldom of Kent as reward for betraying Warwick).

73
Q

how did the Lancastrians gain control of the town in the second battle of st albans?

A
  • Lancastrians Stormed up the hill past the Abbey, and were confronted by Yorkist archers in the town centre who shot at them from house windows.
  • This first attack was repulsed but Lancastrian commanders found another route into the town. This second attack met with no opposition and the Yorkist archers in the town were now outflanked.
  • They continued to fight house to house and were not finally overcome for several hours.
74
Q

where did the lancastrians turn to after gaining the town in the second battle of st albans?

A

turned north towards John Neville’s Rear Battle, on Bernards Heath (with Henry VI).

75
Q

summarise the fall of the yorkists during the second battle of st albans

A
  • In the damp, many of the Yorkists’ cannon and handguns failed to fire and Warwick found it difficult to extricate his other units from their fortifications and turn them about to face the Lancastrians, meaning the Yorkist battles straggled into action one by one instead of in coordinated fashion.
  • Rear Battle, attempting to reinforce town defenders, was engaged and dispersed.
  • late afternoon, Lancastrians attacked north-east out of St Albans to engage the Yorkist Main and Forward Battles under Warwick and Norfolk.
  • As dusk set in, Warwick realised his men were outnumbered and increasingly demoralised so withdrew with his remaining forces (~4,000 men) to Chipping Norton in Oxfordshire to wait for Edward of York.
76
Q

what face-saving excuse is warwick said to have created for his failure at the second battle of st albans?

A

It has been suggested that the Kentish contingent in the Yorkist army under Lovelace defected after the Rear Battle was engaged and dispersed, causing further confusion in the Yorkist ranks. Later historians suggest that Lovelace’s alleged betrayal was ‘a scapegoat’ invented by Warwick as a face-saving excuse to mask his own failure, as Lovelace was not attainted after the Yorkist victory at Towton.

77
Q

summarise the Battle of Ferrybridge

A
  • 13 March: Edward left London
  • 27 March: Edward reached Pontefract
  • main Lancastrian army probably at York and the two sides were separated by two rivers (Aire in south and Wharf in north); Key to the passage of the Aire was the bridge at Ferrybridge, and both sides appear to have made some effort to secure control of the bridge.
  • Faced with a standoff, Edward decided to outflank the Lancastrian position; Lord Fauconberg, Blount, and Horne were sent to the ford at Castleford, 3 miles upstream. They crossed the river then attacked the right flank of the Lancastrians.
  • Clifford’s men retreated north, but they were caught at Dinting Dale, to the north-east of the village of Saxton and not far from the main Lancastrian army.
  • Clifford killed, possibly after removing the throat protection of his armour (his ‘gorget) because he was too hot.
  • After taking possession of the bridge at Ferrybridge, Edward moved his army across the river; on the night of 28-29 March they camped somewhere near Sherburn in Elmet.

War of the Roses (39 decks)

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