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Hilary Term 1 > Why are there so many angiosperms? > Flashcards

Why are there so many angiosperms? Flashcards

1
Q

Describe angiosperm description rate

A

2000 species per year being described for about the last 40-50 years

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2
Q

Angiosperm species estimate

A

231,413 - 369,4334

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3
Q

What percentage of Embryophytes are the angiosperms?

A

89.4%

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4
Q

Describe Eucalyptus regnans

A
  • swamp gum / Mountain Ash
  • tallest flowering plant
  • > 100m
  • 17m girth
  • Tasmania and S Australia
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5
Q

Cymbalaria muralis

A

Ivy leaved toadflax

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6
Q

Wolffia

A

Duckweed

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7
Q

List the three angiosperm habits

A

trees, shrubs and herbs (herbaceous)

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8
Q

Describe trees and shrubs

A
  • woody
  • secondary thickening (herbs do not)
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9
Q

Eucalyptus regnans

A

100m

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10
Q

Describe the diversity of angiosperm fruits

A
  • dry: poppy
  • fleshy: tomato
  • dehiscent: Indian balsam
  • indehiscent: sycamore
  • apocarpy: beans & buttercups
  • syncarpy: oranges, apples, tomatoes
    false fruits: strawberry
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11
Q

Describe the habit and life history diversity of angiosperms

A

Epiphytes
Climbers/Lianas
Switch plants
Succulents
Terrestrial
Aquatic
Ephemerals
Annuals
Biennials
Perennials
Bulbs
Corms
Rhizomes

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12
Q

Describe plant construction

A

roots, leaves, stems and flowers

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13
Q

The world is dependent on angiosperms for

A

food, clothing, medicine and energy

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14
Q

Angiosperms co-exist in

A

high-diversity assemblages relative to other plant groups

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15
Q

Describe biotic pollination

A
  • entomophily
  • ornithophily
  • chiropterophily
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16
Q

List three co-inciding biological phenomena

A
  • floral innovation
  • insect diversification
  • angiosperm diversification
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17
Q

Describe wind-pollination

A
  • anemophily
  • evolved repeatedly from insect pollinated ancestors
  • Graminioid monocots (grasses, sedges & rushes) & Fagaceae
  • conifers (gymnosperms)
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18
Q

Entomophily has been argued to decrease extinction rates by

A

maintaining gene flow in small, sparse populations and so ensuring their survival.

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19
Q

Entomophily can act as a driver of speciation based on

A
  • selection for pollinator specialisation
  • e.g. orchids
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20
Q

Describe Gymnosperms

A
  • Conifers, Gnetales, Cycads, Ginkgo
  • exclusively woody, no herbs or annuals
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21
Q

Describe cycads

A
  • gymnosperms
  • obligate entomophiles
  • not especially species-rich group
22
Q

Describe Gnetales

A
  • gymnosperms
  • degree of adaptation to entomophily
23
Q

Describe Bennettitales

A
  • fossil gymnosperms
  • evidence of beetle pollination
24
Q

Describe Hymenoptera

A
  • most important group of insect pollinators
  • first appear in the early Triassic
25
Q

Angiosperms arose after

A

the origin of entomophily in one or more Gymnosperms

26
Q

Early entomophilous plants generalists and specialized plant pollinator relationships appeared

A

relatively late within the angiosperms.

27
Q

Describe the carpel

A

synapomorphy

28
Q

Carpel evolution prompted

A
  1. pollen tube competition
  2. incompatibility systems
  3. many fruit types
29
Q

Paedomorphosis

A

precocious reproductive maturation

30
Q

Is lignification a synapomorphy

A
  • no
  • many basal angiosperms are woody
31
Q

Describe angiosperms relative to Gymnosperms

A
  • paedomorphic trends
  • faster life cycles (Arabidopsis)
  • increased rate of speciation and/or reduced extinction
32
Q

Diversification relies up

A
  • unique key character innovations
  • ecological opportunity (extrinsic environmental factors)
33
Q

Two sister lineages differences may be

A

stochastic

34
Q

Describe SR

A
  • species My-1
    = [ln n1 – ln n0] / t
35
Q

SR

A

speciation rate

36
Q

Describe TFS

A

My species-1 = t / ln n1

37
Q

TFS

A

time for speciation

38
Q

n1 =

A

number of species in a monophyletic clade

39
Q

Describe time calibrated phylogeny

A
  • uses known fossil records
  • background rate of diversification used to calculate expected number of species in each clade over the time since the clade’s origin
40
Q

High diversification rates in various independent clades

A
  • Cyperales
  • Poales
  • Fabales
  • Rosaceae
  • Apiales
  • Asterales
  • Boraginales
  • Solanales
  • Gentianales
  • Lamiales
41
Q

Describe the Succulent Karoo

A
  • arid region of the Cape
  • onset of recent aridity: c. 5Mya
  • adjacent areas experiencing aridity on and off since Cretaceous
  • 5000 species, 40% endemism
42
Q

Describe the Aizoaceae

A

– South African desert ice plants
- monophyletic Core Ruschioideae with 1,563 species
- Age of clade = 3.8-8.7Myr
- SR = 0.84-1.93 species Myr-1

43
Q

Describe the putative innovations of the Aizoaceae

A
  • wide band tracheids
  • cylindrical or trigonous shaped leaves
  • hygrochastic capsules
44
Q

Describe wide band tracheids

A
  • prevent collapse of primary wall and associated with adaptions to prevent water stress
  • adaptations to withstand water stress
45
Q

Describe cylindrical or trigonous shaped leaves

A
  • reduced leaf surface area
  • reducing water loss under dry conditions
46
Q

Describe hygrochastic capsules

A

fruits open only when moistened to release a portion of their seeds in rain

47
Q

Describe Andean Páramo

A
  • High elevation grasslands: 3200-5000m
  • 3,400 species
  • 60% endemism
  • most species-rich flora of any tropical mountain massif
48
Q

Describe Andean Lupinus

A
  • clade of 81 species
  • age = 1.47 +/- 0.29 Myr
  • coincides with first appearance of cold upland habitats in last 2-4 Myr following final uplift of the Andes 3-5 Mya
  • SR = 2.49 – 3.72 species Myr-1
49
Q

synnovation

A

synergistic interactions among traits

50
Q

confluence

A

multiple interacting causal agents assembled step-wise through a tree.

Hilary Term 1 (61 decks)

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