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Hilary Term 1 > Arthropods II. Insect origins > Flashcards

Arthropods II. Insect origins Flashcards

1
Q

Describe Crustacea

A
  • paraphyletic
  • Subphylum in the Phylum Arthropoda
  • all Pancrustacea that are not Hexapods
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2
Q

Hexapods

A

evolved from a crustacean ancestor

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3
Q

Describe the Pancrustacea

A

Crustaceans and Hexapods together

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4
Q

Hexapoda emerged

A

~470 mya

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5
Q

Insects emerged

A

~400 mya

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6
Q

Describe the six major crustacean Classes

A
  • Cephalocarida
  • Remipedia
  • Malacostraca & Maxillopoda
  • Branchiopoda
  • Ostracoda
  • Maxillopoda
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7
Q

Cephalocarida

A

e.g. horseshoe shrimp

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8
Q

Malacostraca & Maxillopoda

A
  • crabs
  • krill
  • woodlice & others
  • barnacles
  • copepods
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9
Q

Branchiopoda

A
  • fairy shrimp
  • water fleas
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10
Q

Ostracoda

A

seed shrimp

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11
Q

Maxillopoda

A
  • tongue worms
  • fish lice
  • polyphyletic
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12
Q

Describe Crustacea

A
  • two pairs antennae
  • metamorphosis with nauplius larvae
  • no general body plan
  • at least two body segments
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13
Q

Give some examples of crustacean body plans

A
  • head and trunk
  • head, thorax and abdomen
  • cephalothorax, pereon and pleon
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14
Q

Generalised crustacean

A

shrimp

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15
Q

Describe Crustacean diversity

A
  • tagmosis regions
  • segment numbers
  • segment fusion
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16
Q

Describe Malacostraca

A
  • ~40k species
  • tagmosis standardised (H-T-A), with appendages on each
  • gastric mill within stomach
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17
Q

Describe Crustacean appendages

A
  • uniramous and biramous appendages
  • evolutionary tendency towards fewer appendages and more specialised
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18
Q

Ramus

A

an article branch

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19
Q

Give some specialisations of crustacean appendages

A
  • defence & predation
  • sensory functions
  • respiration
  • reproduction
  • chewing & food manipulation
  • locomotion
  • multi-functions
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20
Q

Describe Crustacean development

A
  • direct and indirect development
  • not all adult segments & appendages present at hatching
  • 1st larval stage often nauplius larva with first 3 head segments & associated appendages
  • periodic moults add new segments & appendages
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21
Q

Describe indirect Crustacean development

A

involves a larval stage

22
Q

Describe direct Crustacean development

A

hatch with all segments & appendages

23
Q

Describe Crustacean diversity in development

A

variation in larval types, stages & no. of moults

24
Q

Describe a Crustacean nauplius larva

A
  • 1st antenna
  • 2nd antenna
  • naupliar eye
  • labrum
  • mandible
25
Q

Describe Crustacean diversity

A
  • largest and smallest arthropods
  • parasites, herbivores, carnivores suspension feeders
  • freshwater, terrestrial and marine dwellers
  • swimming, burrowing, punching, crawling between sand grains
26
Q

List some Crustacea

A
  • Stygotantalus
  • Coconut crab
  • Mantis shrimp
  • Buoy barnacle
27
Q

Describe the phylogeny of the Arthropoda

A
  • Mandibulata, Chelicerata and Trilobites
  • Mandibulata divides into Crustacea and Myriapoda
  • Hexapoda
28
Q

Discuss Hexapoda morphology

A
  • three tagmataL abdomen, thorax, head
  • three pairs of legs
  • tympanum
  • terminalia
  • abdominal spiracles (tracheal system)
  • propleuron
  • mesopleuron
  • metapleuron
  • pronotum
  • labial and maxillary palps
  • mandible
  • labrum
  • ocellus
  • compound eye
  • one pair of antennae
29
Q

Describe the Pterygota

A
  • two pairs of wings (hind wing and fore wing)
  • four Superorders: Holometabola, Paraneoptera, Polyneoptera, Paleoptera
30
Q

Hexapoda includes the Classes

A

Insecta and Entognatha

31
Q

Entognatha

A
  • concealed mouthparts
  • ametabolous development
  • e.g. Springtails
32
Q

Insecta

A
  • exposed mouthparts
  • includes the Subclasses Apterygota and Pterygota
33
Q

Apterygota

A
  • metabolous development
  • no wings (in adult)
  • bristletails, silverfish
34
Q

Describe the Holometabola

A
  • holometabolous development (egg-larva-pupa-adult)
  • butterflies and moths, ants/bees/wasps, beetles, flies and others
35
Q

Describe the Paraneoptera

A

true bugs, lice and others

36
Q

Describe the polyneoptera

A

grasshoppers, termites, mantises and others

37
Q

Describe the Paleoptera

A
  • mayflies, dragonflies, damselflies
  • hemimetabolous development (egg-nymph-adult)
38
Q

Descibe insect diversity in numbers

A
  • .>50% known biodiversity
  • c.20% species have been described
  • 200 million insects for each human
  • 85% diversity within Holometabola
  • ants & termites 1/3 of all terrestrial biomass
39
Q

Insects are … in a variety of ecological niches

A

diverse, abundant & dominant

40
Q

Describe insect ecology

A
  • in all terrestrial habitats
  • diverse in freshwater
  • scarce in the sea
  • decomposers, herbivores and carnivores
41
Q

Give some examples of insects

A
  • leaf cutter ants
  • mayfly larvae
  • Halobates (true bugs)
42
Q

Describe specialisation of insect leg appendages

A
  • cursorial foreleg (in ants)
  • natatorial hind leg (in diving beetles)
  • saltatorial hind leg (grasshopper)
  • raptorial foreleg (in mantis)
  • fossorial foreleg (in mole cricket)
43
Q

Describe the morphology of insect leg appendages

A
  • coxa
  • trochanter
  • femur
  • tibia
  • tarsus
44
Q

Describe specialisation of insect mouthpart appendages

A
  • lapping (in honey bee)
  • chewing (in grasshopper)
  • siphoning (in butterfly)
  • piercing (in mosquito)
45
Q

Describe insect mouthpart morphology

A
  • labrum
  • mandibles
  • maxillae
  • labium
  • hypopharynx
  • antennae
  • compound eye
46
Q

Describe wing specialisation in insect

A
  • elytra in beetles
  • hemelytra in true bugs
  • halteres in flies
  • leaf-like appendages in leaf insects
  • scales in butterflies
  • membranous appendages in bees
  • fringed appendages in thrips
  • tegmina in grasshopper
  • stridulation in crickets
47
Q

Describe insects as disease vectors

A
  • 700 million people a year get a mosquito-borne illness
  • fleas, lice, bugs, ticks, flies
48
Q

Parasitoids

A
  • lay eggs in other organisms
  • wasps and flies
49
Q

List some parasitic arthropods

A

ticks, mites, flies, fleas, lice & various crustaceans

50
Q

Describe the parasitism of insects

A

mainly ectoparasites, some are endoparasites

51
Q

Describe insect ecosystem services

A
  • pollination facilitated by coevolution with angiosperms
  • recycling
  • pest control
52
Q

Describe insects in bioinspiration

A

Insect flight provides inspiration for drone design, whereas insect materials (silks & chitins) provide inspiration for innovative oil-free materials

Hilary Term 1 (61 decks)

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