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Hilary Term 1 > Arthropods III. Insect diversity: wings, larvae and pupae > Flashcards

Arthropods III. Insect diversity: wings, larvae and pupae Flashcards

1
Q

Describe wings

A
  • evolved once in the insects
  • NOT segmental appendages with articles; evolved de novo
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2
Q

Describe termite wings

A
  • only have wings at certain life history stages
  • workers do not have wings
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3
Q

Describe parasitic lice wings

A
  • lost
  • complete life cycle on host
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4
Q

Describe the two theories for the origin of insect wings

A
  • paranotal theory: wing develops from outgrowths of nota
  • Endite-Exite theory: wing develops from exites of primitive leg segments
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5
Q

Describe the paranotal theory

A
  • proto wing
  • notum
  • sternum
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6
Q

Describe the endite-exite theory

A
  • sternum
  • expicoxa
  • proto wing
  • subcoxa
  • coxa
  • exites
  • prefemur
  • femur
  • tibia
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7
Q

Describe powered flight

A
  • cycle of power and recovery stroke
  • need angle change of wing, and up-down flapping
  • edge of wing towards front of insect is leading edge
  • veins made of cuticle for strengthening function
  • actively generates lift
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8
Q

power stroke

A

down & forward

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9
Q

recovery stroke

A

up and backwards

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10
Q

Describe the innovation of powered flight

A
  • only appeared four times in the history of life
  • insects first (in mid-Carboniferous 330Mya)
  • Pterosaurs in Triassic 225Mya
  • Avialans in Jurassic 150Mya
  • Bats in Tertiary 60Mya
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11
Q

Describe powered flight in the Paleoptera - the basics

A
  • controlled by direct flight muscles
  • e.g. dragonfly
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12
Q

Describe the direct flight muscles

A
  • antagonistic muscles
  • anterior and posterior direct muscles
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13
Q

antagonistic muscles

A

contract in turn to give cyclic movement

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14
Q

anterior and posterior direct muscles

A

control forward and backward movements

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15
Q

Describe the Paleopteran flight - the specifics

A
  • elevator muscles pull wings up
  • depressor muscles pull wings down
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16
Q

Describe powered flight in non-Paleopterans

A
  • recovery stroke by indirect vertical flight muscles
  • power stroke by indirect longitudinal flight muscles
  • steering achieved by direct
    muscles
  • sensors key to controlling flight
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17
Q

Describe the indirect vertical muscles

A
  • pull on roof of thorax
  • wings rise, thorax widens & lengthens
  • stretches longitudinal muscles
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18
Q

Describe the indirect longitudinal muscles

A
  • pull on anterior and posterior ends of thorax
  • wings lower, thorax narrows and shortens
19
Q

Describe the likely evolution of powered flight

A
  • likely from gliding ancestor
  • gliding generates lift through fixed angle, non- flapping wing or lobe
  • hinge, venation, muscle and respiration adaptions needed for flapping flight in insects
  • folding of wings in non- Paleopterans opened up habitat opportunities
  • asynchronous muscle
    evolved few times independently to increase wing beat frequency and allow a decrease in body size
20
Q

Describe the Crematogaster ant

A

parachuting

21
Q

Describe the Cephalotes ant

A
  • gliding sensu lato
  • directed aerial descent
  • provided by glide angle
22
Q

Describe the Draco lizard

A
  • gliding sensu lato
  • classic gliding controlled by drag and lift resultant forces
23
Q

Flapping flight found in

A

hummingbird

24
Q

Describe the advantages of wings and powered flight

A
  • mobility: food, niche, habitat space (microhabitats)
  • dispersal: competition & speciation
  • predator avoidance
25
Q

Powered flight is an evolutionary innovation that is

A

one reason for the huge diversity and abundance of insects

26
Q

Describe Ametaboly

A
  • no metamorphosis
  • immature is a miniaturised version of adult
  • 1% of species
27
Q

Describe Hemimetaboly

A
  • incomplete
    metamorphosis
  • immature (nymph) is a miniaturised, wingless version of adult
  • wings appear with new moults in late nymphs
  • 16% of species
28
Q

Describe Holometaboly

A
  • complete
    metamorphosis
  • immature (young larva) is very different from adult
  • terminal larva
  • larva transforms into pupa (quiescent stage)
  • winged adult emerges from pupa
  • 83% of species
29
Q

Describe the metamorphosis of a locust

A
  • hemimetaboly
  • 1st-instar nymph has a pronotum and a coastal margin of hind wing
  • 5th instar nymphe has pronotum, coastal margin, underside of hid wing, femur, tibia and tarsus
  • adult locust has coastal margin and upper surface of fore wing
30
Q

Describe the specifics of Holometabolous development

A
  • adult form = imago
  • metamorphosis during pupal
    stage where larval organs are hydrolysed and reformed into adult organs
  • larvae moult several times to get larger during development, forming larval instars of different stages
31
Q

Describe the evolution of holometaboly

A
  • enigmatic
  • pupae thought to be highly modified larval state
32
Q

Give an example of a holometabolous species

A

silkworm (moth)

33
Q

Describe the development and regulation of holometaboly

A
  • hormonally controlled
  • most adult structures develop from imaginal discs
34
Q

imaginal discs

A
  • clusters of embryonic reserve cells
  • unique to holometabolous insects
35
Q

Describe the advantages holometabolous development

A
  • larvae and adults of holometabolous insects are ecologically very different
  • mechanism to control speed of development
  • diapause
  • parasitoidism in four families of wasps and flies
36
Q

Describe diapause

A

insects can pause development depending on environment (can be at any life stage)

37
Q

Describe the importance of niche partitioning in metamorphosis

A
  • allows specialisation to different niches (e.g. mouthparts)
  • resource partitioning (e.g. different food sources)
  • avoidance of competition between different life stages
  • larvae for feeding and growth; adults for reproduction and dispersal
38
Q

Describe parasitoidism

A
  • larvae parasitoids on host
  • adults free living (feed on nectar)
  • smaller than host
  • long term exposure
  • association leads to host death
  • every hexapod has its own parasitoid
  • hyperparasitoids
  • most important method for controlling insect populations
39
Q

Describe wasp parasitoids

A

use ovipositor to lay eggs in host

40
Q

Describe insect adaptations

A
  • adaptations for a terrestrial existence
  • co-evolution with angiosperms
  • eusociality
41
Q

How are insects adapted for terrestrial existence?

A

waxy cuticle, trachea & spiracles, hyperosmotic excreta

42
Q

Describe eusociality

A
  • Ants/Bees/Wasps, Termites & others
  • Honeybees form eusocial colonies of close relatives
43
Q

Describe insect coevolution with angiosperms

A
  • phytophagous insects
  • pollinators
44
Q

Describe a phytophagous insect

A

Caterpillars produce enzymes to help them neutralise plant anti- herbivory toxins

Hilary Term 1 (61 decks)

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