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Hilary Term 1 > Phylogeny of land plants > Flashcards

Phylogeny of land plants Flashcards

1
Q

Describe seed dispersal mechanisms

A
  • oceanic drift
  • wind
  • lizards
  • birds (secondary dispersal)
  • dung
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2
Q

Describe the Embyrophytes

A

multicellular haplodiplontic zygotes

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3
Q

Describe a haplontic life cycle

A
  • zygote is diploid (2n)
  • zygote undergoes meiosis
  • forms uni- or multicellular haploid (n) organism
  • produces haploid gametes
  • haploid gametes undergo fertilisation
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4
Q

Describe a haplodiplontic life cycle

A
  • sporophyte is diploid (2n) and multicellular
  • (mega and micro-)sporangia undergo meiosis to produce haploid (n) (mega and micro-)spores
  • spores form haploid multicellular gametophytic organisms (of different sexes)
  • produce haploid gametes for fertilisation
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5
Q

Spores do not undergo

A

fertilisation

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6
Q

Describe the Bryophytes morphologically and ecologically

A
  • small plants (20cm max.)
  • dominant haploid phase
  • leptoids, no tracheids
  • rhizoids, no roots
  • phyllids, thalloid, no leaves
  • sporophyte usually a stalk (seta) and sporangium
  • water necessary for fertilisation
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7
Q

Describe the Bryophytes taxonomical

A
  • mosses (12,000 sp)
  • hornworts (215 sp)
  • liverworts (7271 sp)
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8
Q

Describe moss morphology

A
  • pseudoelater
  • stoma
  • capsule
  • calyptra
  • meristem
  • foot
  • seta
  • leafy gametophyte
  • thallus
  • rhizoids
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9
Q

protonema

A
  • thread-like chain of cells
  • forms the earliest stage of development of the gametophyte in the life cycle of mosses
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10
Q

Describe a moss life cycle

A
  • within the sporophyte, meiosis produces 1n spores
  • each spore grows into a 1n gametophyte
  • sperm swim into archegonium from other antheridium and fertilise egg
  • produces 2n sporophyte embryo
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11
Q

Give an example of a moss

A

Phaeomegacerossquamuliger

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12
Q

Describe Sphagnum moss

A

hyaline cells take up 20 times weight in water

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13
Q

hyaline cells

A
  • dead, polysaccharides
  • absorbative, antiseptic
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14
Q

When were stomata innovated?

A

after liverworts before mosses

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15
Q

What separates the Charophytes from the Bryophytes?

A
  • cuticle
  • sporopollenin spores
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16
Q

Describe the Bryophyte Monophyly hypothesis

A

two lineages of land plants

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17
Q

Describe the Bryophyte Paraphylyl hypothesis

A
  • hornwort sister to all land plants
  • mosses sister to liverworts
  • both sister to tracheophytes, step-wise
    OR
  • hornwort sister to tracheophytes
  • mosses sister to liverworts
  • both sister to all other land plants, step-wise
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18
Q

Soft polytomy

A

simultaneous divergence

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19
Q

What taxa do Embryophytes include?

A

LMHLMS

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20
Q

Characteristics of the Bryophytes

A
  • sporopollenin
  • spores
  • cuticle
  • stomates
  • haploid (1n) dominance
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21
Q

Describe the LMH-LMS transition

A
  • vascular tissue
  • rise of the diploid (2n) phase
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22
Q

What is phase dominance?

A

what does the most photosynthesis

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23
Q

Monilophytes

A
  • Ferns
  • Calamites
  • Water Ferns
24
Q

Tracheophytes

A
  • vascular plants
  • ## have tracheids
25
Q

tracheids

A
  • water conducting cell
  • vessel member dead at maturity
  • perforations or one large hole at each end
  • generally elongate with a lignified secondary wall
  • c. 1-7mm in vascular plants
  • 1-2mm in angiosperms
26
Q

vessel

A

several to many vessel members

27
Q

Who are the Tracheophytes?

A

LMS

28
Q

Describe the Monilophytes

A
  • gametophyte (1n) prothallus
  • fronds
  • circinate vernation
  • 30% epiphytic
29
Q

Describe fern fronds

A
  • simple
  • deeply pinnatifid
  • once pinnate
30
Q

sporangium

A

enclosure in which spores are formed

31
Q

sori

A

clusters of sporangia

32
Q

indusium

A

a thin membranous covering shielding a sorus on a fern frond.

33
Q

vernation

A

arrangement of leaves in a bud

34
Q

circinate

A

rolled up with the tip in the centre

35
Q

Give examples of circinate vernation

A
  • Crozier
  • Fiddleheads
36
Q

Describe epiphytic ferns

A

rhizome & vegetative reproduction

37
Q

Describe the Monilophyte life cycle

A
  • sorus (containing indium and sporangia) releases spore
  • spore germinates
  • forms gametophytic prothallus
  • prothallus produces egg (in archegonium) and sperm
  • fertilisation
  • sporophyte develops into fronds
38
Q

Describe the water ferns

A
  • heterosporous
  • Salvinia’s and Marsilea’s
39
Q

Anabaena azollae

A
  • nitrogen fixing cyanobacterium
  • lives in the cavities of Azolla
40
Q

List some water ferns

A
  • Salvinia
  • Marsilea
  • Azolla
41
Q

Lycophytes contain

A

Clubmosses, Spikemosses and Quillworts

42
Q

List some Lycophyte genera

A
  • Lycopodium (genus of clubmosses)
  • Selaginella (spike moss)
  • Isoetes (quillworts)
43
Q

Describe lycophytes

A
  • microphyllous leaves
44
Q

Who has megaphyllous leaves?

A
  • Pteropsids
  • Spermatophytes
  • reduced in Sphenopsids
45
Q

Pteropsids

A

true ferns

46
Q

Describe Lepidodendron

A
  • Carboniferous clubmoss
  • found in fossil grove, Victoria park, Glasgow
  • leaf scars with single trace
47
Q

Describe the polyphyletic origin of heterospory

A
  • Selaginella
  • Isoetes
    • water ferns
  • many extinct lineages
  • evolved at least 10 times independently
48
Q

Describe Carboniferous Coal Swamps

A

an age of free sporing plants

49
Q

Calamites

A

horsetails

50
Q

Where did megaphylls evolve?

A

after lycophytes and before monilophytes

51
Q

Where did microphylls evolve?

A

on lycophyte branch

52
Q

Describe seed production

A
  • a particular version of heterospory
  • two types of sporangia
  • microsporangia produce microspores (pollen grains) which are dispersed by wind (anemophily) or insects (entomophily)
  • megasporangia and megaspores
  • reduced number of megaspores provides space for nourishing tissue
  • does not rely on free water.
53
Q

Describe the megasporangium

A
  • integument
  • funicle
  • ovary wall
  • chalaza
  • micropyle
  • functional megaspore
  • nucellus (ovule)
  • polar nuclei
  • synergies
  • antipodal cells
54
Q

What is the megagametophyte?

A

embryo sac

55
Q

Seeds

A

fertilised ovules

Hilary Term 1 (61 decks)

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