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Hilary Term 1 > The Biology of Fish I > Flashcards

The Biology of Fish I Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the Deep sea Anglerfish

A
  • order Lophiiformes
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2
Q

Juvenile Antarctic icefish

A

Chionodraco hamatus

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3
Q

Blind Mexican cavefish

A

Astyanax fasciatus

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4
Q

Leafy sea dragon

A

Phycodurus eques

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5
Q

What are fish?

A
  • grade, not clade
  • share common characteristics
  • paraphyletic group: contains most recent common ancestor, but does not contain all the descendants of that ancestor
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6
Q

What are the main extant groups of fish:

A
  • Agnatha (cyclostomes)
  • Chondrichthyes
  • Osteichthyes
  • Actinopterygians
  • Sarcoptergyians
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7
Q

Describe the Agnathans

A
  • jawless fishes
  • absence of paired fins
  • notochord in larvae and adults - 7 or more gill pouches
  • two chambered heart
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8
Q

Describe Hagfishes morphologically

A
  • extant Agnathan
  • vertebrates: embryos have neural crest
  • craniate: 3-part brain in brain-case
  • paired sense organs
  • ventral heart with red blood
  • no jaws
  • long, thin body
  • tail fin
  • many pairs of gill pouches
  • simple myotomes (not divided in D and V blocks)
  • stiff fibre-sheathed notochord but no vertebrae
  • many pairs of tidal gill pouches
  • single nasal capsule
  • only one semi-circular canal in statocyst
  • no pepsin nor HCl in stomach
  • segmental excretory funnels in trunk
  • no paired fins
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9
Q

Describe Hagfishes ecologically

A
  • Benthic marine scavengers
  • rasping tooth-plates move apart-together to eat into dead fishes
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10
Q

Describe Myxine glutinosa

A
  • hagfish
  • can exude large quantities of mucus
  • tie the body into a knot and run the knot either way along the body to escape or shed slime
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11
Q

Describe Lampreys

A
  • extant agnathans
  • long, cylindrical marine fish with vertebral structures.
  • ectoparasitic on other fishes to which they adhere by suction
  • rasp the flesh of their prey with oral tooth-plates.
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12
Q

Describe the morphology of lampreys

A
  • disc-shaped mouth
  • openings of gill pouches
  • no paired fins
  • dorsal fin
  • 3-part brain in brain-case
  • paired sense organs
  • ventral heart with red blood
  • cartilaginous incomplete vertebrae around the notocord
  • many pairs of tidal gill pouches
  • single nasal capsule
  • only two semi-circular canal in statocyst
  • myotomes not divided in D and V blocks
  • no pepsin nor HCl in stomach
  • segmental excretory glomeruli in trunk
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13
Q

Describe lamprey gill ventilation

A

tidal ventilation of the gill pouches allows the lamprey to remain attached and to breathe while rasping away with its muscular tongue, eating into its prey.

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14
Q

Describe lamprey gill morphology

A
  • tongue at anterior end of pharynx
  • gill epithelia
  • common water tube separate from oesophagus
  • tidal flow into and out of gill pouches
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15
Q

Describe the anadromous lifecycle of lampreys

A
  • ascend rivers or streams
    to breed (migration triggered by temperature)
  • males and females construct nest
  • females lay eggs
  • males fertilise
  • larvae radically different from parents
  • leave nest
  • currents carry them downstream
  • larvae burrow into mud
  • spend a number of years as filter feeders
  • metamorphosis produces parasitic juvenile
  • adults live in oceans or big lakes
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16
Q

Describe the major stages in the evolution of fishes

A
  • Basal stock: segments, no brain
  • Craniata: brain, no vertebrae
  • Agnatha: vertebrae, no jaws
  • Gnathostomata: gill-arches –> jaws
  • Chondrichthyes:
    cartilaginous skeleton
  • Actinopterygians:
    most fish
  • Osteichthyes
  • Sarcoptergyians:
    lobefins
  • Tetrapods
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17
Q

Describe the evolution of jaws

A
  • major step in vertebrate evolution
  • new feeding regimes: herbivory, predation
  • manipulate objects (to build nests, grasp mates during mating, care for young etc.)
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18
Q

Describe derivation of the Gnathostomes

A
  • duplication of the Hox gene complex
  • paired fins (increased manoeuvrability)
  • well developed lateral line
  • 3rd semicircular canal in inner ear (better 3D orientation)
  • more complex vertebrae
  • ribs
  • two nostrils
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19
Q

Describe the evolution of jaws

A
  • Gnathostomes are very active with high metabolic demands
  • derived feature = powerful mechanism for pumping water over gills
  • mandibular gill arch evolved into protojaws: forceful ventilation.
  • pharynx can be filled then emptied by spreading then compressing rays of the arches
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20
Q

Describe the agnathan condition

A
  • pre-mandibular
  • cranial nerves
  • mandibular arch
  • gilll arches
  • notochord
  • gill 9
  • spinal cord
  • gut
  • no jaws
21
Q

Describe the jaws of a dogfish

A
  • jaw from mandibular gill arch
  • cranial nerves
    now associated ear with jaw
22
Q

Describe detection of fluid movement

A
  • neuromasts excited by bending in one direction; inhibited in the opposite direction
  • e.g. in A, fasciatus
23
Q

neuromasts

A
  • basic displacement-sensitive cells
  • present on the surface of all fishes
  • kinocilium
  • stereocilia
  • superficial v canal
24
Q

Describe superficial neuromasts

A
  • naked
  • set on the surface along the body
25
Q

Describe canal neuromasts

A
  • set in formal canals opening to the outside
  • low-pass filter
26
Q

lateral lines run along

A

either side of the spine

27
Q

Describe statocysts

A
  • craniate head contains paired statocysts in the inner ear
  • statoliths (ossicles) give up-down information; displaced by acceleration.
  • swirling in the semicircular canals; caused by angular acceleration
28
Q

Describe Hagfishes’ statocysts

A

have a single semicircular canal

29
Q

Describe lamprey’s statocysts

A

two

30
Q

Describe Gnathostome (+ us) statocysts

A

three

31
Q

Three paired canals allow

A

discrimination of rotational accelerations in yaw, pitch and roll axes as well as translational accelerations in any plane.

32
Q

Describe Euthacanthus

A
  • early Devonian acanthodian fish
  • paired rows of spiny finlets between the pharynx and anus
33
Q

Describe the Acanthodes (Perm.)

A

reduced to discrete paired pelvic and pectoral fins.

34
Q

Describe the functions of fins

A
  • locomotor functions
  • non-locomotor functions
35
Q

Describe the locomotor functions of fins

A
  • increase manoeuverability and stability
  • unpaired dorsal and anal fins control tendency to roll or yaw
  • paired pectoral and pelvic fins control pitch and act as brakes
36
Q

Describe Lionfish, Pterois volitans

A
  • spiny fins used in defence
  • evolve to inject poison when combined with glandular secretions
37
Q

Describe the non-locomotor function of fins

A
  • colourful
  • used to send signals to potential mates, rivals and predators
  • e.g. Apistogramma cacatuoides
38
Q

Which forces act on fish while swimming:

A

DRAG
THRUST

39
Q

Swimming modes associated with

A
  • body or caudal fin swimming
  • median or paired fin swimming
40
Q

body or caudal fin swimming

A

achieves greater thrust and acceleration

41
Q

median or paired fin swimming

A

Achieves greater manoeuverabilitity

42
Q

Describe Anguilliform (eel) swimming

A
  • wave passes backwards, increasing in amplitude
  • travelling wave pushes water backwards
  • push force generated increases from head to tail
  • reaction force on the fish is equal and opposite to the “push” on the water generated by the wave
  • thrust components summate but the sideways components (roughly) cancel out.
43
Q

Describe the reaction forces of eels swimming

A

can be resolved into longitudinal thrust components and sideways components.

44
Q

Describe Carangiform (trout) swimming

A
  • amplitude of undulation is small at the head and large at the tail
  • major forces are produced at or near the tail
  • middle parts of the body do not contribute much to the thrust
45
Q

Describe vortex generation and shedding

A
  • swimming involves generation and shedding of vortices, forming a train
  • a vortex has mass and velocity so, by Newton’s 3rd law, the fish swims
46
Q

Describe Thunniform (tuna) swimming

A
  • oscillation largely confined to the tail
  • tall tail acts on a large volume of water
47
Q

Describe propeller efficiency

A
  • if the mass of water moved backwards by the fish is far larger than that of the fish, the water will move backwards slowly but the fish will move forwards rapidly
  • because the tall tail acts on a large volume of water, “propeller” efficiency is high.
48
Q

Describe the main forms of drag

A
  • skin friction between fish and boundary layer (mucus, scale adaptations)
  • pressures formed in pushing water (hence fish shape)
  • energy lost in vortices formed around fins
49
Q

Pressures in pushing water

A
  • disc
  • sphere
  • teardrop

Hilary Term 1 (61 decks)

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