What is a vertebrate? Flashcards
1
Q
List some vertebrate innovations
A
- bony skeleton
- neural crest cells
2
Q
Describe bone
A
- a living tissue
- collagen fibres plus hydroxyapatite
3
Q
hydroxyapatite
A
calcium phosphate crystals
4
Q
Describe the bone cells
A
- osteoblast (makes bone)
- osteoclast (breaks down bone)
- osteocytes (strain and crack sensors)
5
Q
Describe a vertebrate embryo
A
- dorsal hollow nerve cord
- skin
- notochord
- gut
- somites
- lateral plate mesoderm
6
Q
somites
A
- segmented mesoderm
- contains sclerotome
7
Q
lateral plate mesoderm
A
unsegmented mesoderm
8
Q
sclerotome
A
forms bone
9
Q
Where do neural crest cells come from?
A
- sensory nerves
- pigment cells
- motor and sensory nerves in the gut
- autonomic nervous system
- bone and cartilage in the head
10
Q
What does the autonomic nervous system control?
A
heart rate, breathing
11
Q
Describe the skull
A
- most made from Neural Crest-derived bone
- the ‘base’ of the skull is the first few somites
12
Q
Describe vertebrate complex factors
A
- sense organs of the head (olfactory, optic and otic)
- much more forebrain
- clear midbrain
- segmented hindbrain
13
Q
What does the midbrain do?
A
optic lobes
14
Q
What does the hindbrain do?
A
touch sense and gill skeleton
15
Q
Describe the adaptations of vertebrates
A
- skeleton: efficient locomotion
- dominant head: big brain and effective sense organs protected and armoured
