White blood cells

Question 1

What are the 3 types of WBC’s

Answer 1

1- Mononuclear
2- Polymorphonucleaur
3- Phagocytes

Question 2

What comes under mononuclear WBC’s

Answer 2

lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 3

what comes under poly… WBC’s

Answer 3

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Question 4

What are normal neutrophil levels

Answer 4

1.8 - 7.5 (x 10^9)

Question 5

what raises neutrophil levels

Answer 5

Bacterial infections, stress, exercise, and myeloproliferative diseases like leukemia.

Question 6

what are normal lymphocyte levels

Answer 6

1.5 - 4.0 (x 10^9)

Question 7

what raises lymphocyte levels

Answer 7

viral infections and lymphoproliferative diseases

Question 8

What are normal monocyte levels.

Answer 8

0.2 - 0.8 (x 10^9)

Question 9

what raises monocytes

Answer 9

infection, inflammation, tissue damage, monocytic leukaemia

Question 10

what are normal eosinophils levels

Answer 10

0 - 0.4 (x 10^9)

Question 11

what raises eosinophils

Answer 11

allergy, intestinal parasites, hypereosinophilic syndrome, eosinophilic leukemia.

Question 12

what are normal basophil levels

Answer 12

0.01 - 0.1

Question 13

what raises basophils

Answer 13

some myeloproliferative diseases.

Question 14

What is the main role of a neutrophil

Answer 14

The elimination of invading bacteria and some fungi

Question 15

What is the main role of a Eosinophils

Answer 15

Elimination of parasites, regulation of local immune and inflammatory responses.

Question 16

What are the main roles of basophils

Answer 16

Immune system regulation, secretion of heparin and histamine, allergy, inflammation, and parasite defense.

Question 17

What is nomenclature

Answer 17

staining granulocytes granules with Romanowsky stains

Question 18

how are neutrophils stained

Answer 18

neutral-staining

Question 19

how are eosinophils stained

Answer 19

with eosin (orange)

Question 20

how are basophils stained

Answer 20

intensely with methylene blue

Question 21

Where are neutrophils produced/matured

Answer 21

T cells, endothelial cells, monocytes, fibroblasts, and placenta.

Question 22

Where are eosinophils produced/matured

Answer 22

T cells, endothelial cells, monocytes, fibroblasts.

Question 23

Where are basophils produced/matured

Answer 23

T cells, B cells, endothelial cells, monocytes, fibroblasts

Question 24

what is the maturation process of granulocytes

Answer 24

Blasts - promyelocytes - myelocytes - metamyelocytes - band form neutrophils - neutrophils

Question 25

What is the daily granulocyte turnover

Answer 25

50 - 320 x10^9. About 370,000/sec

Question 26

What and where is the neutrophil lifespan

Answer 26

They spend 7 hours in the peripheral blood, migrate randomly into tissues, and stay there for 20 hours. Often lost in the GI tract.

Question 27

what and where is the eosinophil lifespan

Answer 27

8-12 hours in circulation then 8-12 days in tissues.

Question 28

What and where is the basophil lifespan

Answer 28

between a few hours and a few days

Question 29

What 2 things make up a neutrophils function

Answer 29

1- location by chemotaxis. 2- phagocytosis

Question 30

why does chemotaxis require a vessel wall adhesion

Answer 30

When there is tissue damage it is easier to migrate to the tissue by adhesive membrane glycoprotein receptors.

Question 31

why does chemotaxis need movement up a concentration gradient

Answer 31

Chemo-attractants bind to a specific neutrophil surface receptors.

Question 32

What is the motility of a neutrophil

Answer 32

they are only able to crawl not swim

Question 33

What are the 4 steps of phagocytosis

Answer 33

1- Opsonisation (coating) with IgM or IgG antibodies. 2- Particle attaches to a neutrophil via a receptor for the opsonin. 3- Pseudopodia enclose particle, which is ingested. 4- Microbial killing within 20 mins.

Question 34

What are extracellular traps

Answer 34

Webs of DNA and proteases that trap and kill bacteria, produced by neutrophils

Question 35

How do neutrophils ' nuclei shape affect their function

Answer 35

Lobulated nucleus to aid deformability and motility

Question 36

What are the types of neutrophil granules

Answer 36

primary, secondary, and tertiary

Question 37

What is myeloperoxidase definitely

Answer 37

A defect in microbial killing

Question 38

What is respiratory burst failure

Answer 38

A inherited defect that causes metabolic failure of microbial killing

Question 39

What is neonate neutrophils

Answer 39

They only have 20-27% chemotactic activity

Question 40

What are eosinophils functions

Answer 40

To remove parasitic worms (helminth) infections by antibody dependent cell mediated toxicity. They are also key mediators of allergic inflammation.

Question 41

Where are eosinophils found

Answer 41

The thymus, lower gi tract, ovary, uterus, spleen and lymph nodes. Found in the lunch in the case of airborne allergy

Question 42

What is antibody dependent cell mediated toxicity

Answer 42

A mechanism of cell mediated immune defence where an effector cell actively lyses a target cell

Question 43

Where do basophils mature

Answer 43

On the bone marrow for 2-7 days before circulating for 2 weeks

Question 44

What do basophils do

Answer 44

Orchestrate local immunologic and inflammatory reactions. They secrete histamine and heparin

Question 45

What is histamine

Answer 45

A chemotactic agent for eosinophils

Question 46

What is heparin

Answer 46

An anticoagulant

Question 47

What do monocytes do

Answer 47

Produce a number of adhesions which allows adhesions to surfaces such as endothelial cells. They can also release cytokines and kill infected host cells

Question 48

What is the lifespan of a monocyte

Answer 48

Most are 24 hours