Leukaemia Flashcards

1
Q

What is leukaemia

A

Cancer of the wbcs

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2
Q

What are the four main types of leukaemia

A
  • acute myeloid AML
  • acute lymphoblastic ALL
  • chronic myeloid CML
  • chronic lymphoid CLL
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3
Q

What is a lymphoma

A

Cancer of lymphoid tissues

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4
Q

What are the two types of lymphoma

A
  • hodgkins
  • non hodgkins
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5
Q

What is myeloma

A

Cancer of clonal plasma cells in the bone marrow ( b cells)

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6
Q

What mutations cause cancer

A

Mutation of the proto- oncogenes (faster development) and mutation of tumour suppressor genes

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7
Q

What is incidence

A

The rate of new cases in a given time

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8
Q

What is prevalence

A

Number of people with the condition

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9
Q

What are some known causes of leukaemia

A
  • previous chemotherapy
  • radiation
  • benzene or formaldehyde exposure
  • genetic conditions such as downs
  • myelodysplasia - abonormal development of myeloid cells
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10
Q

What are symptoms/ signs of AML

A
  • acute illness
  • fever, sweats
  • anaemia symptoms
  • neutropenia- infections
  • thrombocytopenia- bleeding
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11
Q

How can a blood test show AML

A
  • over production of myeloid blast cells resulting in over crowding in bone marrow which leads to:
  • abnormal wbc count
  • anaemia
  • thrombocytopenia
  • blasts in peripheral blood film
  • wbcs are MPO positive
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12
Q

What is the prognosis of AML

A

Complete remission - 80-90%
Cure rates - 45%

In older patients there is 5 year survival rates

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13
Q

What causes ALL

A

Uncontrolled proliferation of lymphoid stem cell resulting in large numbers of abnormal lymphoblasts in the bone marrow

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14
Q

What are signs and symptoms of ALL

A
  • starts abruptly
  • bone and joint pain
  • symptoms of bone marrow failure
  • ## enlarged lymph nodes
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15
Q

How can a blood test show ALL

A
  • over production of lymphoid blast cells
  • anaemia
  • WBCS are MPO negative
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16
Q

What is the prognosis for ALL

A

Majority of children are curable, cure in adults is less frequent

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17
Q

What is chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML)

A

Uncontrolled proliferation of myeloid stem cell resulting in large numbers of circulating leukocytes, particularly neutrophils

18
Q

Who is more likely to get CML

A

65-85 year olds. More males than females

19
Q

What are symptoms of CML

A

Fatigue
Weight loss
Sensation of fullness
Bruising
Clumping of leukocytes

20
Q

How does a blood test show CML

A

Over production of myeloid cells
High WBC count
Increase in basophils
Anameia
Playlet count increase
Increased LDH and urate

21
Q

What is the prognosis for CML

A

50% 5 year survival

22
Q

What is chronic lymphoid leukaemia (CLL)

A

Uncontrolled clonal proliferation of B- lymphocytes

23
Q

What are symptoms of CLL

A

Enlargement of lymph nodes
May have anaemia
Bacterial infections early on
Viral/fungal infections later on
Weight loss
Slothful

24
Q

How does a blood test show CLL

A

Over production of lymphocytes
70-99% of WBCs appear small and round
Smear cells
Anaemia

25
Q

What is the prognosis for CLL

A

70% 5 year survival rate

26
Q

What is a lymphoma

A

Cancer of lymphoid tissue

27
Q

What are lymphoid tissues

A

Spleen
Lymph nodes
Tonsils
Adenoids
Thymus

28
Q

What is Hodgkin’s lymphoma and the % of occurrence

A

B- lymphocytes, 40%

29
Q

What is non-hodgkins lymphoma and it’s % of occurrence

A

Either T or B lymphocytes, 60%

30
Q

What is Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

Malignant B-cells that accumulate in the lymph nodes.

31
Q

Who is likely to get Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

15-35,50+ years old
More males than female

32
Q

What are the symptoms for Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

Asymmetrical and painless swollen lymp nodes
Enlarged spleen
Fever
Night sweats

33
Q

How does a blood test show Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

Anaemia
High eosinophils count
Normal or increased playlet count in early stage
Lymph node biopsy to diagnose

34
Q

What is non Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

Large group of lymphoid tumours and more variable presentation

35
Q

Who is more likely to get non Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

Increased risk with age

36
Q

What are symptoms of non Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

Asymmetrical painless swollen lymph nodes
Less fever than hodgkins
Sore throat
Anaemia
Acute abdominal symptoms due to spleen/liver enlargement

37
Q

How does a blood test show non-hodgkins lymphoma

A

Anaemia
Cytogenetics

38
Q

What is multiple myeloma

A

Cancer of clonal plasma cells in the bone marrow (b cells)

39
Q

What are symptoms of multiple myeloma

A

Bone pain
Symptoms of anaemia
Renal failure

40
Q

How does a blood test show multiple myeloma

A

Overcrowding in bone marrow
Increased plasma in bone marrow
Presence of para protein in urine
Anaemia
Reduction in blood cells