Leukaemia Flashcards

1
Q

What is leukaemia

A

Cancer of the wbcs

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2
Q

What are the four main types of leukaemia

A
  • acute myeloid AML
  • acute lymphoblastic ALL
  • chronic myeloid CML
  • chronic lymphoid CLL
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3
Q

What is a lymphoma

A

Cancer of lymphoid tissues

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4
Q

What are the two types of lymphoma

A
  • hodgkins
  • non hodgkins
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5
Q

What is myeloma

A

Cancer of clonal plasma cells in the bone marrow ( b cells)

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6
Q

What mutations cause cancer

A

Mutation of the proto- oncogenes (faster development) and mutation of tumour suppressor genes

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7
Q

What is incidence

A

The rate of new cases in a given time

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8
Q

What is prevalence

A

Number of people with the condition

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9
Q

What are some known causes of leukaemia

A
  • previous chemotherapy
  • radiation
  • benzene or formaldehyde exposure
  • genetic conditions such as downs
  • myelodysplasia - abonormal development of myeloid cells
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10
Q

What are symptoms/ signs of AML

A
  • acute illness
  • fever, sweats
  • anaemia symptoms
  • neutropenia- infections
  • thrombocytopenia- bleeding
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11
Q

How can a blood test show AML

A
  • over production of myeloid blast cells resulting in over crowding in bone marrow which leads to:
  • abnormal wbc count
  • anaemia
  • thrombocytopenia
  • blasts in peripheral blood film
  • wbcs are MPO positive
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12
Q

What is the prognosis of AML

A

Complete remission - 80-90%
Cure rates - 45%

In older patients there is 5 year survival rates

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13
Q

What causes ALL

A

Uncontrolled proliferation of lymphoid stem cell resulting in large numbers of abnormal lymphoblasts in the bone marrow

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14
Q

What are signs and symptoms of ALL

A
  • starts abruptly
  • bone and joint pain
  • symptoms of bone marrow failure
  • ## enlarged lymph nodes
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15
Q

How can a blood test show ALL

A
  • over production of lymphoid blast cells
  • anaemia
  • WBCS are MPO negative
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16
Q

What is the prognosis for ALL

A

Majority of children are curable, cure in adults is less frequent

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17
Q

What is chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML)

A

Uncontrolled proliferation of myeloid stem cell resulting in large numbers of circulating leukocytes, particularly neutrophils

18
Q

Who is more likely to get CML

A

65-85 year olds. More males than females

19
Q

What are symptoms of CML

A

Fatigue
Weight loss
Sensation of fullness
Bruising
Clumping of leukocytes

20
Q

How does a blood test show CML

A

Over production of myeloid cells
High WBC count
Increase in basophils
Anameia
Playlet count increase
Increased LDH and urate

21
Q

What is the prognosis for CML

A

50% 5 year survival

22
Q

What is chronic lymphoid leukaemia (CLL)

A

Uncontrolled clonal proliferation of B- lymphocytes

23
Q

What are symptoms of CLL

A

Enlargement of lymph nodes
May have anaemia
Bacterial infections early on
Viral/fungal infections later on
Weight loss
Slothful

24
Q

How does a blood test show CLL

A

Over production of lymphocytes
70-99% of WBCs appear small and round
Smear cells
Anaemia

25
What is the prognosis for CLL
70% 5 year survival rate
26
What is a lymphoma
Cancer of lymphoid tissue
27
What are lymphoid tissues
Spleen Lymph nodes Tonsils Adenoids Thymus
28
What is Hodgkin’s lymphoma and the % of occurrence
B- lymphocytes, 40%
29
What is non-hodgkins lymphoma and it’s % of occurrence
Either T or B lymphocytes, 60%
30
What is Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Malignant B-cells that accumulate in the lymph nodes.
31
Who is likely to get Hodgkin’s lymphoma
15-35,50+ years old More males than female
32
What are the symptoms for Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Asymmetrical and painless swollen lymp nodes Enlarged spleen Fever Night sweats
33
How does a blood test show Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Anaemia High eosinophils count Normal or increased playlet count in early stage Lymph node biopsy to diagnose
34
What is non Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Large group of lymphoid tumours and more variable presentation
35
Who is more likely to get non Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Increased risk with age
36
What are symptoms of non Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Asymmetrical painless swollen lymph nodes Less fever than hodgkins Sore throat Anaemia Acute abdominal symptoms due to spleen/liver enlargement
37
How does a blood test show non-hodgkins lymphoma
Anaemia Cytogenetics
38
What is multiple myeloma
Cancer of clonal plasma cells in the bone marrow (b cells)
39
What are symptoms of multiple myeloma
Bone pain Symptoms of anaemia Renal failure
40
How does a blood test show multiple myeloma
Overcrowding in bone marrow Increased plasma in bone marrow Presence of para protein in urine Anaemia Reduction in blood cells