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Clinical > Fundamentals Of Clinical > Flashcards

Fundamentals Of Clinical Flashcards

1
Q

What does clinical biochemistry involve

A

The biochemical investigation of bodily fluids such as blood, urine and CSF

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2
Q

What is diagnosis

A

Classical medical processes

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3
Q

What is aetiology

A

What is the underlying defect:
How does it lead to the pathology
Treatment strategy

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4
Q

What is a cobas ISE module

A

A very specific method which uses potentiometric measurement to determine the concentration of sodium, potassium and chloride

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5
Q

What does ISE stand for

A

Ion selective electrode

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6
Q

What sample types are used in cobas ISE module

A

Serum, plasma, urine and fluids

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7
Q

How long does a ISE test last

A

30 seconds

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8
Q

What is the ISE module deticated to

A

Electrolyte measurement

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9
Q

What can cause low sodium

A
  • heart failure
  • head injury
  • medications, diuretics
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10
Q

What can cause high sodium

A
  • inadequate water intake
  • diabetes insipidus
  • water loss
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11
Q

What can cause low potassium

A
  • inadequate nutrition
  • vomiting/ diarrhoea
  • medication, diuretics
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12
Q

What cause cause high potassium

A
  • spurious
  • kidney dysfunction
  • Addison’s disease
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13
Q

What are limitations to the cobas ISE module

A

Can sometimes produce erroneous results if the patient has higher than normal levels of proteins and or lipids

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14
Q

What does a Roche c702 modules measure

A

General chemistry assays such as urea, creatine, LFTS, calcium, magnesium etc

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15
Q

What samples does a Roche c702 use

A

Serum, plasma, urine, CSF, stool samples and fluids

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16
Q

How long does the Roche c702 test take

A

About 10 minutes

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17
Q

What technology does a Roche c702 use

A

Photometric technology to measure analytes

18
Q

How do photometric assays work

A

Organic and inorganic compounds in the solution are measured by determining the absorbance of wavelengths of light

19
Q

What are some analyte examples that are measured using the Roche c702

A

Creatine, bilirubin, glucose and magnesium

20
Q

What are some limitations of the Roche c702

A

Limitations tend to be based around interferants which cause changes in wavelength

21
Q

What are serum indices

A

Serum indices are measurements that are performed on every sample that is analysed on the chemistry module

22
Q

What is a Roche e801 modules

A

An immunoassay unit

23
Q

What are immunoassays

A

Bioanalytical methods in which the quantitation of an analyte depends on the reaction of an antigen and an antibody

24
Q

How long do e801 tests take

A

9-32 minutes

25
Q

What technology do e801 modules do

A

Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) technology

26
Q

What are the two types of immunoassays

A

Sandwich
Competitive

27
Q

What is a sandwich immunoassay

A

They use 2 antibodies to bind to different sites on the analyte of interest.

28
Q

What is a competitive immunoassay

A

They use one antibody for smaller analytes

29
Q

What are limitations to the e801 modules

A

Very high levels of analyte can result in the Hooke effect in sandwich assays.
Antibody production is expensive.

30
Q

What is osmolality

A

A measurement of the concentration of dissolved particles within a solution

31
Q

What is hyponatraemia

A

Low serum sodium concentration

32
Q

What is hypernatraemia

A

High serum sodium concentration

33
Q

What is an osmometer instrument

A

An instrument in the laboratory that is a small bench top instrument which works by the principle of freezing point depression

34
Q

What is the principle of freezing point depression

A

The freezing point of a liquid is lower when another substance is dissolved in it

35
Q

Why is sweat chloride analysed

A

Measurements of chloride in sweat is used to diagnose cystic fibrosis as they have higher levels

36
Q

What is used to collect the sweat

A

A specialised device called a macro duct sweat collector

37
Q

What are limitations of sweat chloride analysis

A

It’s manual.
Can be difficult to gain sweat from a newborn.

38
Q

What is a XL spectrophotometer used for

A

To run an assay known as a CSF xanthochromia

39
Q

What is xanthochromia

A

The yellow discolouration or cerebrospinal fluid

40
Q

What are some limitations to a spectrophotometer

A

Required specialist training.
Sample needs protecting from light.
The test is not valid until 12 hours after the event.

Clinical (29 decks)

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