Renal disease Flashcards
What are the 10 structures of the kidney
1- renal cortex
2- renal medulla
3- renal capsule
4- minor calyx
5- major calyx
6- renal column
7- renal pyramid
8- renal papilla
9- renal pelvis
10- ureter
What is the nephron
A functional unit of the kidney.
What are the two main parts of the nephron
- glomerules
- tubule
What are the kidneys renal functions (6)
- regulate volume of fluid in blood
- electrolyte balance
- acid-base balance
- excretion of waste products
- vitamin d metabolism
- production of erythropoietin
What electrolytes does the kidney balance (6)
- sodium
- potassium
- chloride
- calcium
- magnesium
- phosphate
What waste products do kidneys excrete (3)
- creative
- urea
- uric acid
What is erythropoietin
A growth factor for red blood cell production in bone marrow
What does the glomerulus do
Filtration
Where does the glomerulus filter fluid
The bowman’s capsule
What do the tubules do
Reabsorb and secrete
What are the 2 renal function tests
- glomerular filtration rate
- Measurement of waste products in plasma
How is the glomerular filtration rate test work
The volume of fluid filtered through all glomeruli per time unit.
What is the normal level for glomeruli per min
60-120 ml/min
How can this glomerular test be estimated
186 x (plasma creatinine 0.0113)^-1.15 x age^ -0.203 ( x 0.72 if female)
What is a normal estimated glomerular
Greater than 90 ml/min/1.73 m^2
What does a decreasing eGFR indicate
Impairment of renal function
How does the measurement of waste products in plasma test work
Creatinine
- waste product of muscle breakdown
- easy to measure
- not sensitive marker of renal function
How can acid base balence tests indicate renal failure
In renal failure there is metabolic acidosis (decreased acid excretion) so ph decreases and bicarbonate
How can plasma phosphate indicate renal failure
The Kidney is involved in phosphate excretion so a decrease will show failure
What causes acute renal failure (5)
- hypovolaemia secondary to blood loss
- acute inflammatory process affecting glomeruli
- drugs affecting glomeruli
- massive muscle breakdown
- obstruction of renal blood or urine flow
What is anuria
No urine output
What biochemical changes happen in acute renal failure
- decrease GFR
- decrease urine volume
- more plasma urea and plasm creatinine
- more plasma k+
- more plasma phosphate
What causes chronic renal failure
- diabetes
- hypertension
- diseases affecting glomeruli, tubules or renal interstitium
