Cytopathology Flashcards
What is cytopathology
The diagnosis of disease from the microscopic appearance of single or groups of cells
What are the cell types of the cervix
The endocervix
The ectocervix
What is the wndocervix lined by
The columnar epithelium
What is the ectocervix lined by
The squamous epithelium
What is the transformation zone
Where the endocervix and ectocervix meet
What 9 types of HPV are protected by the gardasil vaccine
6,11,16,18,31,33,45,52,58
What type of HPV causes the most cervical cancer
16, 18
What expression shows HPV will lead to disease
E6/E7 mRNA
What are the 4 layers of squamous cells
Basal
Parabasal
Intermediate
Superficial
What do mature squamous cells contain and stain
Keratin, stains orangey pink
What do mid maturity squamous cells contain and stain
Contain cytoplasm, stain pink
What do I mature squamous cells contain and stain
Contain collagen and stain green/blue
What do parabasal squamous cells stain
Deep green/ blue
What shows pre cancerous changes in squamous cells
Nuclear enlargement
Irregular form and outline
Irregular chromatin
Multinuculiation
What is CIN
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (pre cancer)
What kind of specimen is used for papanicolaou
Wet fixed specimens
What is papanicolaou stain good for
Nuclear destin
What does the Papanicolaou stain consist of
Haematoxylin, EA50 and OG6
What specimen is Romanowsky stain used for
Air dried
What is romanowsky stain good for
Cytoplasmic detail
What does the romanowsky stain consist of
May-grunwald and giemsa
How many patients with blood in their urine have cancer
10-25% the cancer is usually bladder cancer
What are the 4 types of bladder cancer
Urothelial transitional cell cancer
Squamous cell bladder cancer
Adenocarcinoma
Sarcoma and small cell cancer
How many of bladder cancer is urothelial
90%
What does urothelial cancer cause
It develops from transitional cells lining the bladder, these bunch together when the bladder is empty and stretch out when bladder is full
What percentage of bladder cancer is squamous cell
5%
What percentage of bladder cancer is adenocarcinoma
1-2%
What causes adénocarcinoma
Gland cells producing mucus
What is a bronchoscope/ endoscope
A tube fitted with fibre optics or a tiny camera
What kind of cancer is squamous cell carcinoma
Larger bronchi cancer
How is squamous cell carcinoma occurred
Squamous cell metaplasia of the bronchial cells
What is adenocarcinoma
The most common type of lung cancer that is prevalent in smokers
What is small cell carcinoma
Central bronchus and then into the bronchi airways
What is FNA
Fine needle aspiration
What are follicular cells
The major cell type of the thyroid
What is the function of follicular cells
The production and secretion of the hormones T3 and T4
