Cytopathology

Question 1

What is cytopathology

Answer 1

The diagnosis of disease from the microscopic appearance of single or groups of cells

Question 2

What are the cell types of the cervix

Answer 2

The endocervix
The ectocervix

Question 3

What is the wndocervix lined by

Answer 3

The columnar epithelium

Question 4

What is the ectocervix lined by

Answer 4

The squamous epithelium

Question 5

What is the transformation zone

Answer 5

Where the endocervix and ectocervix meet

Question 6

What 9 types of HPV are protected by the gardasil vaccine

Answer 6

6,11,16,18,31,33,45,52,58

Question 7

What type of HPV causes the most cervical cancer

Answer 7

16, 18

Question 8

What expression shows HPV will lead to disease

Answer 8

E6/E7 mRNA

Question 9

What are the 4 layers of squamous cells

Answer 9

Basal
Parabasal
Intermediate
Superficial

Question 10

What do mature squamous cells contain and stain

Answer 10

Keratin, stains orangey pink

Question 11

What do mid maturity squamous cells contain and stain

Answer 11

Contain cytoplasm, stain pink

Question 12

What do I mature squamous cells contain and stain

Answer 12

Contain collagen and stain green/blue

Question 13

What do parabasal squamous cells stain

Answer 13

Deep green/ blue

Question 14

What shows pre cancerous changes in squamous cells

Answer 14

Nuclear enlargement
Irregular form and outline
Irregular chromatin
Multinuculiation

Question 15

What is CIN

Answer 15

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (pre cancer)

Question 16

What kind of specimen is used for papanicolaou

Answer 16

Wet fixed specimens

Question 17

What is papanicolaou stain good for

Answer 17

Nuclear destin

Question 18

What does the Papanicolaou stain consist of

Answer 18

Haematoxylin, EA50 and OG6

Question 19

What specimen is Romanowsky stain used for

Answer 19

Air dried

Question 20

What is romanowsky stain good for

Answer 20

Cytoplasmic detail

Question 21

What does the romanowsky stain consist of

Answer 21

May-grunwald and giemsa

Question 22

How many patients with blood in their urine have cancer

Answer 22

10-25% the cancer is usually bladder cancer

Question 23

What are the 4 types of bladder cancer

Answer 23

Urothelial transitional cell cancer
Squamous cell bladder cancer
Adenocarcinoma
Sarcoma and small cell cancer

Question 24

How many of bladder cancer is urothelial

Answer 24

90%

Question 25

What does urothelial cancer cause

Answer 25

It develops from transitional cells lining the bladder, these bunch together when the bladder is empty and stretch out when bladder is full

Question 26

What percentage of bladder cancer is squamous cell

Answer 26

5%

Question 27

What percentage of bladder cancer is adenocarcinoma

Answer 27

1-2%

Question 28

What causes adénocarcinoma

Answer 28

Gland cells producing mucus

Question 29

What is a bronchoscope/ endoscope

Answer 29

A tube fitted with fibre optics or a tiny camera

Question 30

What kind of cancer is squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 30

Larger bronchi cancer

Question 31

How is squamous cell carcinoma occurred

Answer 31

Squamous cell metaplasia of the bronchial cells

Question 32

What is adenocarcinoma

Answer 32

The most common type of lung cancer that is prevalent in smokers

Question 33

What is small cell carcinoma

Answer 33

Central bronchus and then into the bronchi airways

Question 34

What is FNA

Answer 34

Fine needle aspiration

Question 35

What are follicular cells

Answer 35

The major cell type of the thyroid

Question 36

What is the function of follicular cells

Answer 36

The production and secretion of the hormones T3 and T4