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APBIO > WH meiosis and Genetics > Flashcards

WH meiosis and Genetics Flashcards

0
Q

Haploid

A

N, one half set of chromosomes

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1
Q

Diploid

A

2N, where cells have 2 full sets of chromosomes

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2
Q

Autosomes

A

Non-sex chromosomes

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3
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

X and Y chromosomes that decide sex

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4
Q

Mono hybrid cross

A

Cross for ONE trait

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5
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

Cross examining two traits

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6
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Chromosome pairs that are similiar but not identical. Each carries the same genes in the same order, but the alleles for each trait may not be the same. One chromosome of each homologous pair comes from the mother and one comes from the father.

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7
Q

Meiosis

A

Produces cells with half the number of original chromosomes so that two cells can combine to create offspring with a complete number of chromosomes

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8
Q

Prophase I

A

Chromatin condenses, homologous chromosomes come together and intertwine in synapsis. Each pair contains four chromatids- called a tetrad. Crossing over occurs

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9
Q

Tetrad

A

Pairs of attached homologous chromosomes

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10
Q

Crossing over

A

Chromatids of homologous chromosomes break off and exchange equivalent pieces of DNA

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11
Q

Chiasmata

A

Where chromosomes remain joined after crossing over

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12
Q

Metaphase I

A

Homologous pairs align at equatorial plane and attaches to spindle fibre

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13
Q

Anaphase I

A

Homologous pairs deprecate and are pulled to opposite poles, called disjunction.

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14
Q

Disjunction

A

Separation of homologous chromosomes

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15
Q

Telophase I

A

Mem brain forms around each nucleus. Each chromosome has sister chromosomes joined at centromere. Cell devises into two daughter cells with haploid chromosome number

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16
Q

Prophase II

A

Centrioles move to opposite poles and spindle forms

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17
Q

Metaphase II

A

Chromosomes migrate to opposite poles and the spindle fibre forms, chromosomes are separated into sister chromatids

18
Q

Anaphase II

A

Sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles by spindle fibers

19
Q

Telophase II

A

A nuclear membrane forms around each haploid nucleus. Cytokinesis occurs and two daughter cells are formed, completing four haploid cells

20
Q

Increasing variation

A

Ways of increasing genetic variation:

  • horizontal transfer: can move genetic material between bacteria.
  • crossing over
  • random assortment
  • random fertilization
21
Q

Law of segregation

A

Two alleles for a heritable character segregate independently during gamete formation and end up in different gametes

22
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

Two or more genes assort independently during gamete formation. Only applies to genes located on different chromosomes

23
Q

Complete dominance

A

Ex: Classic crosses. One trait is completley dominant over another

24
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Ex: red and white snapdragons make pink - the phenotype is in between parental varieties

25
Q

Co dominance

A

both alleles affect phenotype in desperate distinguishable ways

26
Q

Pleiotrophy

A

Genes with multiple phenotypic effects.

27
Q

Epistasis

A

Expression of a gene at one locus alters that at a second locus

28
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

Inherited charecters that vary in gradients along a continum - there is not one specific determined expression . Caused by two or more genes

29
Q

Multiple alleles

A

When there’s more than 2 different alleles for a possible phenotype

30
Q

Pedigree analysis

A

A tree diagram that shows traits across generations. Mendelian genetics can be applied to the pedigree to understand trait inheritance

31
Q

Chromosome mutations

A

Nondisjunction resulting in aneuploidy- too many or too few chromosomes

32
Q

Non disjunction

A

Mishaps in meiotic spindle chromosome distribution. One gamete received two of the same chromosome the other receives none

33
Q

Aneuploidy

A

When a gamete has abnormal chromosome number

34
Q

Monosomic

A

When a gamete has no copy of a particular chromosome it leads to a missing chromosome in the zygote. 2N-1

35
Q

Triatomic

A

When there is two of one chromosome in a zygote - 2n + 1

36
Q

Polyploidy

A

When an organism has more than 2 complete sets of chromosomes

37
Q

Gene mapping

A

Mapping where on each chromosome different genes lie

38
Q

Chromosome breakage

A

Chromosome structure changes

39
Q

Deletion

A

When a fragment of a chromosome is lost

40
Q

Duplication

A

When a deleted fragment becomes attached as an extra segment to a sister chromatid. It can also attach to a non sister chromatid which results in non identical segments

41
Q

Inversion

A

When a chromosomal fragment reattaches to the original chromosome in reverse orientation

42
Q

Translocation

A

When a fragment joins a homologous chromosome. Least harmful

APBIO (13 decks)

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