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APBIO > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

0
Q

Watson and crick

A

Discovered DNA double helix structure

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1
Q

DNA structure

A

Double helix
Adenine guanine cytosine uracil
Nucleotides made of a 5 carbon sugar, nitrogen base, phosphate group

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2
Q

Nucleotides

A

Subunits of nucleus acids (DNA AND RNA)

Made of nitrogen base, 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group

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3
Q

Complementary bases

A

In DNA:
A-T
C-G

In RNA:
A-U
C-G

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4
Q

Complementary bases ratio

A

1:1 pyrimadine to purine bases

Pyramadines are uracil, thiamine and cytosine, purines are adenine and guanine

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5
Q

Pyrimadine

A

Uracil, thiamine, cytosine

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6
Q

Purine

A

Adenine, guanine

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7
Q

Radioactive bacteriophages

A

Help determine whether genetic material is DNA or protein based using the redioactive tags

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8
Q

Chromosome packaging

A

DNA wraps around histones, making chromatin

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9
Q

Histones

A

Proteins which DNA wraps around in the cells in order to condense-> becomes chromatin

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10
Q

Nucleosomes

A

A unit of chromatin containing 9 histones

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11
Q

Promoter

A

DNA sequences located in the 5’ region. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter to initiate production of an mRNA transcript.

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12
Q

Codons

A

In MRNA, group of 3 nucleotides which make up an amino acid

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13
Q

Anticodons

A

On TRNA, the compliment of the codons on the other side

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14
Q

Start codons

A

AUG

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15
Q

Mutations

A

Point mutations, deletions, substitutions, additions

16
Q

Point mutations

A

When only one “point” on the DNA is effected, usually changes only one codon and doesn’t have extremely drastic effects on the whole protein

17
Q

deletion mutations

A

When one base is deleted from the DNA, usually causes a shift in reading frame effecting all of the DNA that comes after and changing the codon that are read

18
Q

Substitution mutations

A

When one nucleotide is substituted with another, (ex A is switched to U) and the codon is changed as a result, doesn’t cause the most drastic results in the protein as it only effects one codon.

19
Q

Addition mutation

A

When an extra base is added to the DNA, also causes a shift in the reading frame and can result in drastic changes in the protein

20
Q

Causes for mutations

A

Environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, and ultraviolet light from the sun can cause mutations. These mutagens alter DNA by changing nucleotide bases and can change the shape of DNA

mutations are caused by errors made during mitosis and meiosis . Common errors that occur during cell division can result in point mutations and frame shift mutations. Mutations during cell division

21
Q

Transcription

A

DNA directed synthesis of RNA:

  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
22
Q

Initiation of Transcription

A

RNA transcription starts at a promoter sequence

23
Q

`Elongation of transcription

A

Strand gets longer through the unwinding of DNA

24
Q

Termination of transcription

A

strand stops transcription, new RNA transcript is released and polymers detach.
In a eukaryotic cell, pre-mRNA is modified, 5’ end gets a nucleotide ADN 3’ end gets a poly-A tail

25
Q

RNA Splicing

A

RNA splicing removes introns, joins exons together

Usually carried out by splicsosomes which are made out of protein and work to break bonds and remove the intros

26
Q

exons

A

Code for different parts of a protein-> the part of the RNA that is left in

27
Q

How mRNA is synthesized (ie transcription)

A

RNA polymerase goes down the DNA, synthesizing the complementary strand
New nucleotides are added to the 3’ strand
rezips previous stretch of DNA as it moves down

28
Q

TRNA

A

(transfer RNA)
Picks up specific amino acids, brings them to the right position on the codon
Has an ANTIcodon on one end (the opposite of the codon its going to) and a specific amino acid on the other end
Structured like a clover leaf

29
Q

translation

A

Steps:

  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
30
Q

Initiation of translation

A

stars with a start codon on RNA, brings together MRNA and tRNA with amino acids and ribosomes subunits

Free ribosomes intiate protein synthesis

31
Q

Elongation translation

A

Amino acids are added to build a protein, peptide bond forms between amino acids

32
Q

Termination translation

A

When the ribosome reaches a stop codon (UGA, UAA, UGA) the polypeptide molecules are released not cytoplasm

33
Q

Lyctic cycle

A

Meaning “to escape”
Main type of virus replication
Eventually makes infected cells burst, releasing the virus to other cells

34
Q

lysogenic cycle

A

Meaning “creating lyctic”
Injects DNA, sits in bacteria and continues to be co-pied in bacteria forever, EX is te cold sore virus which sits in bacteria forever

35
Q

bacteriophage

A

A bacteriophage /ˈbækˈtɪər.i.oʊˌfeɪdʒ/ (informally, phage /ˈfeɪdʒ/) is a virus that infects and replicates within a bacterium.

APBIO (13 decks)

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