FINAL

Question 0

Watson and crick

Answer 0

Discovered DNA double helix structure

Question 1

DNA structure

Answer 1

Double helix
Adenine guanine cytosine uracil
Nucleotides made of a 5 carbon sugar, nitrogen base, phosphate group

Question 2

Nucleotides

Answer 2

Subunits of nucleus acids (DNA AND RNA)

Made of nitrogen base, 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group

Question 3

Complementary bases

Answer 3

In DNA:
A-T
C-G

In RNA:
A-U
C-G

Question 4

Complementary bases ratio

Answer 4

1:1 pyrimadine to purine bases

Pyramadines are uracil, thiamine and cytosine, purines are adenine and guanine

Question 5

Pyrimadine

Answer 5

Uracil, thiamine, cytosine

Question 6

Purine

Answer 6

Adenine, guanine

Question 7

Radioactive bacteriophages

Answer 7

Help determine whether genetic material is DNA or protein based using the redioactive tags

Question 8

Chromosome packaging

Answer 8

DNA wraps around histones, making chromatin

Question 9

Histones

Answer 9

Proteins which DNA wraps around in the cells in order to condense-> becomes chromatin

Question 10

Nucleosomes

Answer 10

A unit of chromatin containing 9 histones

Question 11

Promoter

Answer 11

DNA sequences located in the 5’ region. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter to initiate production of an mRNA transcript.

Question 12

Codons

Answer 12

In MRNA, group of 3 nucleotides which make up an amino acid

Question 13

Anticodons

Answer 13

On TRNA, the compliment of the codons on the other side

Question 14

Start codons

Answer 14

AUG

Question 15

Mutations

Answer 15

Point mutations, deletions, substitutions, additions

Question 16

Point mutations

Answer 16

When only one “point” on the DNA is effected, usually changes only one codon and doesn’t have extremely drastic effects on the whole protein

Question 17

deletion mutations

Answer 17

When one base is deleted from the DNA, usually causes a shift in reading frame effecting all of the DNA that comes after and changing the codon that are read

Question 18

Substitution mutations

Answer 18

When one nucleotide is substituted with another, (ex A is switched to U) and the codon is changed as a result, doesn’t cause the most drastic results in the protein as it only effects one codon.

Question 19

Addition mutation

Answer 19

When an extra base is added to the DNA, also causes a shift in the reading frame and can result in drastic changes in the protein

Question 20

Causes for mutations

Answer 20

Environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, and ultraviolet light from the sun can cause mutations. These mutagens alter DNA by changing nucleotide bases and can change the shape of DNA

mutations are caused by errors made during mitosis and meiosis . Common errors that occur during cell division can result in point mutations and frame shift mutations. Mutations during cell division

Question 21

Transcription

Answer 21

DNA directed synthesis of RNA:

1. Initiation
2. Elongation
3. Termination

Question 22

Initiation of Transcription

Answer 22

RNA transcription starts at a promoter sequence

Question 23

`Elongation of transcription

Answer 23

Strand gets longer through the unwinding of DNA

Question 24

Termination of transcription

Answer 24

strand stops transcription, new RNA transcript is released and polymers detach. In a eukaryotic cell, pre-mRNA is modified, 5' end gets a nucleotide ADN 3' end gets a poly-A tail

Question 25

RNA Splicing

Answer 25

RNA splicing removes introns, joins exons together | Usually carried out by splicsosomes which are made out of protein and work to break bonds and remove the intros

Question 26

exons

Answer 26

Code for different parts of a protein-> the part of the RNA that is left in

Question 27

How mRNA is synthesized (ie transcription)

Answer 27

RNA polymerase goes down the DNA, synthesizing the complementary strand New nucleotides are added to the 3' strand rezips previous stretch of DNA as it moves down

Question 28

TRNA

Answer 28

(transfer RNA) Picks up specific amino acids, brings them to the right position on the codon Has an ANTIcodon on one end (the opposite of the codon its going to) and a specific amino acid on the other end Structured like a clover leaf

Question 29

translation

Answer 29

Steps: 1. Initiation 2. Elongation 3. Termination

Question 30

Initiation of translation

Answer 30

stars with a start codon on RNA, brings together MRNA and tRNA with amino acids and ribosomes subunits Free ribosomes intiate protein synthesis

Question 31

Elongation translation

Answer 31

Amino acids are added to build a protein, peptide bond forms between amino acids

Question 32

Termination translation

Answer 32

When the ribosome reaches a stop codon (UGA, UAA, UGA) the polypeptide molecules are released not cytoplasm

Question 33

Lyctic cycle

Answer 33

Meaning "to escape" Main type of virus replication Eventually makes infected cells burst, releasing the virus to other cells

Question 34

lysogenic cycle

Answer 34

Meaning "creating lyctic" Injects DNA, sits in bacteria and continues to be co-pied in bacteria forever, EX is te cold sore virus which sits in bacteria forever

Question 35

bacteriophage

Answer 35

A bacteriophage /ˈbækˈtɪər.i.oʊˌfeɪdʒ/ (informally, phage /ˈfeɪdʒ/) is a virus that infects and replicates within a bacterium.