ap exam big idea: living systems respond to essential information

Question 1

operohn

Answer 1

A series of genes with a promoter and a terminator. A substrate will remove its repression protein which allows the genes to be transcribed, after they transcribe then the repressor protein goes back and blocks the Operon from transcribing more.
Ex: lac Operon and trp operon

Question 2

Enhancers and transcription factors

Answer 2

Enhansors bring transcription factors into contact with promoter regions and “enhance” transcription
Thought to be brought into contact with a DNA loop

Question 3

Nonsense mutations

Answer 3

Produce premature ending of the polypeptide chain by changing one codon to a stop codon

Question 4

Mitosis

Answer 4

interphase: chromosomes duplicate, nucleus visible
Prophase: nuclear membrane disappears, chromosomes condense, spindles travel to opposite poles
Metaphase: chromosomes align in middle
anaphase: sister chromatids separate into two distinct chromosomes and travel to opposite poles
telophase: reformation of nuclei, chromosomes uncoil
cytokenisis: separation of cytoplasm creating two daughter cells

Question 5

Meiosis

Answer 5

Prophase I: Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, spindle fiber forms, nucleioli and nuclear membrain disappear
Metaphase I: homologous pairs (tetrad) align at equator, each attaches to spindle fibers
Anaphase I: homologous pair separate and are pulled to poppopsite ends of the cell - called disjunction.
Telophase I: membrane forms around each new nucleus and cell divides into new haploid daughter cells
Prophase II: centrioles move to opposite poles and spindle apparatus appears
Metaphase II: chromosomes line up at equator and are split into sister chromatids
Anaphase III: sister chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of the cell
Telophase II: nuclear membrane forms around each haploid nucleus and two separate daughter cells are formed, four total

Question 6

polygenetic inheritance

Answer 6

Multiple genes effect inheritance of a certain trait

Question 7

recombination

Answer 7

How genes are reorganized by an offspring

Question 8

Vertical gene transfer

Answer 8

When an organism receives genes from a parent or predecessor species

Question 9

Horizontal gene transfer

Answer 9

When an organism transfers genetic material to an organism that isn’t its offspring

Question 10

caspid

Answer 10

Protein shell surrounding viruses

Question 11

Lysogenic cycle

Answer 11

When the virus is integrated into the host cells DNA and remains there indefinitely, integrated into the cell DNA - ex Herpes

Question 12

Lyric cycle

Answer 12

Replicates within a cell, until it eventually replicates enough times to cause the cell to lyse and release copies of the virus

Question 13

restriction enzymes

Answer 13

Often cut out and destroy the foreign DNA of viruses

Question 14

virioids

Answer 14

viruslike particles that are composed of a single nucleotide of RNA without any surrounding capsid or envelope

Question 15

Tight junctions

Answer 15

Seal spaces in between cells using proteins so that nothing van diffuse in between cells or past the junction.
Most useful in places like the intestines and other specialized cells

Question 16

Anchoring junctions

Answer 16

Connect cells cytoplasm to each other, occur in cells prone to stress
Does not allow things to be exchanged between the cells but DOES physically keep cells together

Question 17

Communicating junctions

Answer 17

allow cells to directly exchange cytoplasmic material, most common type are gap junctions formed by connexins which build tubes between the cytoplasm of each cell that allow ions to pass through - making undisputed and fast signal transmission

Question 18

paracrine signaling

Answer 18

Signaling only nearby cells

Question 19

Synaptic signaling

Answer 19

Signaling through nerve cells over short distances, using axon terminals and neurotransmitters

Question 20

Endocrine signaling

Answer 20

Secretion of chemical messengers into the bloodstream

Question 21

desmosomes

Answer 21

Found in heart cells and between epithelial cells, function like anchor junctions but attach cells using intermediate filaments instead of actin filaments

Question 22

plasmodesmata

Answer 22

Plant cell equivalent to gap junctions

Question 23

Gap junctions

Answer 23

type of communication junction that forms tubes between the cytoplasm of two different cells, allowing ions to pass through

Question 24

Negative feedback

Answer 24

High levels of a particular hormone prevent more from being secreted

Question 25

epanephrine

Answer 25

Secreted from adrenal gland, also known as adrenalin, creates fight of flight resonse

Question 26

glucogen

Answer 26

Secreted in pancreas, increases blood glucose

Question 27

insulin

Answer 27

Secreted in pancreas, decreases blood glucose

Question 28

melatonin

Answer 28

Secreted in pineal gland, manages cardiac rhythm and sleeping

Question 29

estrogen

Answer 29

Secreted in ovaries, creates secondary sex charecteristics

Question 30

Ion Chanel linked receptors

Answer 30

Undergo a conformational change when a ligand binds to them so that the tunnel is opened to allow the passage of specific molecule.es, usually ions. These can alter the charge across the membrane

Question 31

g-protein linked receptors

Answer 31

Cause g proteins to dissociate from cytoplasmic side of the receptor protein and bind to an Enzi, which induces changes in other molecules
Usually activate small molecules such as cyclic AMP calcium or phosphates

Question 32

Enzyme linked receptors

Answer 32

Catalyze reactions inside the cell or apostate with enzymes inside the cell, often turn on protein kinases

Question 33

neuron

Answer 33

Nerve cell made upon of a soma (cell body) denjdrites, schwaan cells, nodes of ranvier and an axon, they apostate with eachothe rat synaptic junctions

Question 34

schwaan cells

Answer 34

Separate cells from neurons and secrete myelin

Question 35

Nodes of ranvier

Answer 35

Spaces where schwaan cells jabemt laid down myelin covering

Question 36

Synaptic knobs

Answer 36

release neurotransmitters which communicate with surrounding nerve cells

Question 37

myelin

Answer 37

Insulates the axon and allows fast signaling

Question 38

neurotransmitters

Answer 38

Messengers that travel across synaptic gaps between two neurons and bind to receptor proteins, creating an action potential in that neuron and continuing the cycle until it reaches a processing area

Question 39

cerebellum

Answer 39

Helps moderate motor impulses, maintains balance, hand eye coordination and rapid movements

Question 40

medula

Answer 40

Controls vital functions like hearrate and breathing

Question 41

Somatic nervous system

Answer 41

Responsible for conscious movements

Question 42

autonomic nervous system

Answer 42

Responsible for automatic movements

Question 43

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 43

Flight or fight reaction

Question 44

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 44

Works to conserve energy and restore body to resting activity levels

Question 45

Polyhedral

Answer 45

3D virus shape

Question 46

Desmosomes

Answer 46

Another word for anchoring junctions

Question 47

Pancrine signaling

Answer 47

When cells communicate by secreting chemicals into the extra cellular matrix