Evolution

Question 1

Hardy Weinberg Principles

Answer 1

Genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, natural selection, large population

Question 2

Genetic Drift

Answer 2

Chance events that change allele frequencies (founder effect and bottleneck effect)

Question 3

Gene Flow

Answer 3

Movement of individuals in and out of a population - changes gene frequencies by adding or moving out some alleles

Question 4

Mutation

Answer 4

mutation creates variation by changing alleges- ex A to a

Question 5

Natural Selection

Answer 5

Differential survival and reproduction rates

Question 6

Large Population

Answer 6

Makes allele changes more/less reasonable (flipping a penny 10 times vs 100)

Question 7

Prereproductive bariers

Answer 7

Geographic isolation - separated by physical barriers
Ecological isolation - different habitats prevent species from mating
Temporal isolation - mate in different seasons
Behavioral isolation - when a cerian behavior prevents species from mating, ex when bird songs don’t match
Mechanical isolation - physical differences prevent mating
Gametic Isolation - sperm cell chemically can’t enter egg cell

Question 8

Post reproductive isolation

Answer 8

Prevent hybrids from becoming fertile adults
Reduced hybrid viability - f2 offspring are weaker
Reduced hybrid fertility - sterile offspring are produced
Hybrid breakdown - first generation hybrids are strong and offspring in next generation are weak

Question 9

Speciation

Answer 9

Evolutionary processes through which new species arise

Question 10

Allopathic Speciation

Answer 10

Comes out of geographic isolation

Question 11

Sympatric Speciation

Answer 11

When species still live in the same area but a mutation stops them from breeding with their original species

Question 12

Punctuated Equilibrium

Answer 12

No constant rate of speciation, it occurs in rapid bursts of change

Question 13

Gradualism

Answer 13

Thought by Darwin and Lyell

Gradual divergence over long periods of time

Question 14

Evidence for Evolution

Answer 14

Fossils, DNA similarities, embryology, homologous and analogues structures

Question 15

Homologous structures

Answer 15

Existence of shared ancestry between structures in different species - ex wings in bats and arms of primates.
STRUCTURES ADAPTED TO DIFFERENT PURPOSES FROM THE SAME COMMON ANSCESTOR

Question 16

Analogues structures

Answer 16

Structures that have the same function but different origins

Question 17

Darwin and Natural selection

Answer 17

Organisms best fit for survival in a particular environment would be selected to live against those less suited for the environment

Question 18

Comparing DNA variations

Answer 18

DNA variations can be used to compare where species branched off based on different mutations - ESPECIALLY IN MITOCHONDRIA

Question 19

Hardy Weinberg equations

Answer 19

If none of the 5 agents for evolution happen, gene frequencies don’t change
p+q=1
p^2 + 2pq + q^2=1

Question 20

Founder Effect

Answer 20

When a small group splinters and starts a new colony

Question 21

Bottleneck effect

Answer 21

When a disaster or ecological change kills almost all of a species but a small group, which changes allele frequencies based on those that survive

Question 22

Non random mating

Answer 22

Mating based on certain attractive characteristics

Question 23

Reproductive isolation

Answer 23

Key to developing new species

Question 24

Darwins principles

Answer 24

1. Individuals vary in their chsracteristics
2. Variations are inherited
3. Many individuals don’t survive to adulthood
4. Individuals who have more resources bc of their characteristics produce surviving offspring

Question 25

RNA world hypothesis

Answer 25

Hypothesis that protobionts were RNA that eventually evolved into DNA

Question 26

Lamarck

Answer 26

Known for being false, thought that organisms pass on acquired traits to find a more perfect form

Question 27

Embryology

Answer 27

Organisms with common ancestors have similar developmental cycles

Question 28

Stabilizing selection

Answer 28

Extremes at both ends of a phenotype are eliminated

Question 29

Directional selection

Answer 29

One extreme is old elected but not the other, so population moves in one direction

Question 30

Disruptive selection

Answer 30

Favors both extremes, but selects against middle

Question 31

Phylogeny

Answer 31

A diagram indicating evolutionary relationships between specimens