Western Civilization Chapter 13 Review Flashcards
Middle Ages
The gradual decline of the Roman Empire ushered in an era of European history called
Franks
Germanic people that lived in the Roman province of Gaul
Monastery
Religious communities were monks gave up their lives to serving God
Secular
He became “emperor” of Rome in 800–after crushing a revolt which saved the life of Pope Leo III
Carolingian Dynasty
Family that would rule the Franks
Charlemagne
Charles the Great
What was the most important event in the unification of the Germanic kingdoms? Why?
The most important event in the unification of the Germanic kingdoms was the adaptation of Christianity. Women were treated better in Christian empires. They also traded further and there was much more pilgrimages.
What were three roots of medieval culture in western Europe?
- the classical heritage of Rome
- the beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church
- the customs of various German tribes
What are three ways that civilization in western Europe declined after the Roman
Empire fell?
The three ways civilization in Western Europe declined after the Roman Empire fell were invasions, the decline of learning, and the customs of various German tribes.
What was the most important achievement of Pope Gregory I?
Pope Gregory I greatest achievement was how he broadened the role of the pope beyond his spiritual role, under Gregory I the papacy also became secular. The pope then had power beyond religious power in politics.
What role did the church play in helping clovis conquer other germanic people?
The church provided order and security
What role did pope gregory the great play in spreading the idea of a vast unified kingdom
The pope used church revenues to raise armies repair roads and help the poor
What was important about Charles Martel victory at the battle of tours
Charles Martel victory at tours made him a Christian hero and also extended franks reign to the north south and east
How did Pepin the short strengthen the Frankish kingdom
Pepin the short fought the lombards and cooperated with the pope
What was the importance of Charlemagne’s Cora nation as emperor
This event signaled the joining of Germanic power, the church, and the heritage of the Roman Empire
How did Charlemagne govern his unified kingdom
He sent out royal agents. He also visited every part of his empire and kept close watch on his estates
lord
Land owner
fief
An estate granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for service and loyalty
vassal
a person under the protection of a feudal lord to whom he or she owes allegiance; a subordinate or dependent; a servant
knight
horsemen who pledged to defend their lords’ lands in exchange for fiefs
serf
a person who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord
manor
Lord’s estate; economy; set of rights and obligations between lord and serf.
tithe
Church tax
What is the main reason feudalism developed? Explain.
Treaty of Verdun broke up the kingdom. Political turmoil and constant turmoil led to feudalism. Invaders attacked, the king could not protect them so they turned to local leaders who could fight the invaders.
What groups invaded Europe in the 800s?
Muslim, Magyar, and Vikings invaded Europe
What obligations did a peasant have to the lord of the manor?
The peasant’s obligations to the Lord of the Manor were based mostly on farming work. The peasant would work large proportions of their day on the land of their Lord, the rest of their day would be put toward farming for themselves and their family.
What were the three social classes of the feudal system?
nobles, merchants craftmen and managers, and laborers
Explain the mutual obligations of the feudal system
In exchange for military surfaces a land on a granted land to vassal
Explain why the feudal system often results in complicated alliances
Because and noble could be a vassal too many different lords
Describe the feudal social class
Three classes those who fight, those who prayed, those who worked
Explain the mutual obligations between Lord and service under the manor system
In exchange for land and housing surfs had to maintain the land
Explain why the serfs rarely had to leave their manor
Because manor were self-sufficient
Explain why the serfs excepted their economic hardships
They believe God determine one place in society.
chivalry:
A code of behavior that demanded a knight fight bravely in defense of his three masters, his earthly lord(land owner), heavenly Lord(God), and his chosen lady. The ideal knight was loyal, brave and courteous. masters.
tournament
mock battles that young knights took part in.
troubadour
traveling poet-musicians at the castles and courts of Europe.
Which ideas associated with chivalry have remnants in today’s society? Explain.
Men today should be loyal, brave and courteous.
What were two inventions from Asia that changed the technology of warfare in western Europe?
Leather saddles and stirrups. The saddle kept the warrior firmly in place and the stirrups enables him to ride and handle heavier weapons.
Who were the occupants of a castle?
Lord, Lady, their family, knights and other men-at-arms, and the servants
What were some of the themes of medieval literature?
Many stories idealized castle life. They glorified knighthood and chivalry, tournaments and real battles. Songs and poems about a knights undying love for a lady were also very popular. Epic Poetry recounted a hero’s deeds and adventures. Example THE SONG OF ROLAND
Education in Middle Ages:
devoted lives to war-no time for learning
Weapons and Equipment:
leather saddles and stirrups kept soldiers from falling off, so they could carry heavier weapons. Wealth from fiefs meant knights could afford weapons, armor, and horses
War Games:
tournaments-young knights, recreation w combat training, winners demanded ransoms from losers
Code of Chivalry
code of conduct for Knights and Lords, similar to Bushido for Samurai, protected weak and poor. Knight devoted himself to earthly lord, heavenly lord, and chosen lady
Castle Life
lived inside castle walls, lord demanded 40 days of combat per year. Past time was training for war by wrestling and hunting
Romantic Love
duty to his lady as important as duty to lord. Code of Chivalry made knights seem more romantic than brutal
clergy
a body of officials who perform religious services- such as priests, ministers, or rabbis
sacrament:
one of the Christian ceremonies in which God’s grace is transmitted to people
canon law
the body of laws governing the religious practices of a Christian church
Holy Roman Empire
an empire established in Europe in the 10th century A.D., originally consisting mainly of lands in what is now Germany and Italy
lay investiture
the appointment of religious officials by kings or nobles
Which of the events were power struggles between the Church and rulers? Explain.
In 1075, the lay investiture was banned. In 1077, King Henry IV journeyed to Canossa. In 1122, the Concordat at Worms was compromised on lay investiture. In 1176, the Battle of Legnano took place. All were power struggles because the duties and privileges of Church and state were continuously changing during this time
What were some of the matters covered by canon law?
marriage and religious practices
How did Otto the Great make the crown stronger than the German nobles?
He formed an alliance with the Church that limited the nobles power
Why did lay investiture cause a struggle between kings and popes?
they disagreed over who had the power to appoint church officials
Otto invades Italy on pope’s behalf
Cause: Following Charlemagne’s footsteps
Outcome: Otto was rewarded by being crowned emperor
Pope Gregory bans lay investiture
Cause: The Church began to resent the control the kings had over the clergy, and the Church reformers felt that bishops shouldn’t be under the power of the king.
Outcome: Henry IV was excommunicated, German bishops sided with the pope
Henry IV travels to Canossa
Henry IV travels to Canossa
Cause: He tried to win the Pope’s forgiveness
Outcome: Henry waited in the snow for three days, he was re-communicated, and the pope gained even greater victory by humiliating him
Representatives of Church and emperor meet in Worms
Cause: Gregory & Henry’s successors fought over lay investiture until 1122
Outcome: Compromise, the Concordat of Worms
Lombard League fights Battle of Legnano
Cause: Holy Roman Empire slaughtered Italian merchants, angering the Church
Outcome: Church led alliance/ army defeats the Holy Roman Empire
