Western Civ Chapter 5 section 1-5 test Flashcards
Define the 3 periods of Greek History
Archaic Age
Classical Age
Hellenistic Age
Mycenaean
People who settled on the Greek mainland around 2,000 BC
Trojan War
A 10-year war fought between the Mycenaeans and the Trojans, allegedly caused by a Trojan prince capturing Helen, wife of a Greek king
Dorian:
A group of people that settled onto war-torn lands and were far less advanced, therefore had no written records and the time of this civilization was known as the Dark Age
Illiad
A prince of Troy kidnaps the wife of the king of Sparta. which leads to a battle between Trojans and Greeks that lasted for 10 years. The Greeks tricked the Trojans with a horse full of warriors.
Epics
Narrative poems celebrating heroic deeds
Myth
A traditional story about gods and heroes
Which of the cultures on your chart do you think contributed the most to Greek culture?
Minoans
What impact did nearness to the sea have on the development of Greece?
Trade became very important and common because Greece lacked natural resources
What aspects of culture did the Mycenaeans adopt from the Minoans?
The Mycenaeans adopted many things from the Minoan’s culture such as Greek religious practice, art, seaborne trade, politics and literature
Why were the epics of importance to the Greeks of the Dorian period?
During the Dorian Age it seemed that there had been a loss of writing so they learned history through the spoken word, which included epics
How did the physical geography of Greece cause Greek-speaking peoples to develop separate, isolated communities?
The country is 3/4ths worth of mountain so the mountains split different communities
Location “around” a sea
Lack of natural resources and location around the sea encouraged trade with neighboring societies, sea routes; Aegean, Black, Ionian connected Greece
Rugged Mountains
Mountains covered 75% of Greece; divided the people and made unifying Greece impossible; small independent communities in each valley; loyalty in them; uneven terrain made transportation difficult; took many days to travel small distances on land
Little fertile farmland
Little farming in Greece: grapes and olives are main crops; need to import food: only 20% farmable; small streams not suitable for large-scale irrigation projects; could not support a large population; sought new colonies because of need for adequate farmland
Moderate climate
Moderate temperatures supported an outdoor life for many citizens; men spent leisure time at outdoor public events; met often to discuss public issues, exchange news and take an active part in city life
Mycenaean adaption of Minoan culture
Minoan culture was dedicated to training, not military development, Mycenaeans focused attention on building a military
The Trojan War
Economic rivalry between Mycenaeans and Troy for control over straits between the Mediterranean and Black Seas, Heinrich Schliemann seeks to find the legendary city of Troy and found evidence of the thought to be fictional war; Greeks destroyed Troy because of capture of Greek wife, Helen; Trojan horse; beware of Greeks bearing gifts
The collapse of Mycenaean civilization
Not long after the Trojan war, Mycenaean civilization collapsed, raiders attacked palaces, Dorians moved into country; distant relatives of Bronze Age Greeks; less advanced than the Mycenaeans, economy collapsed, little trade, no written records
How did Sparta treat the Messenians? 725 BC
Poorly, they were forced to be slaves and the spartans demanded half of their crops
What type of society did Sparta create in response to the revolt?
Dedicated themselves to making themselves a strong military state
How did Athenians avoid major political upheavals?
moving people to Democracy
What economic and political reforms did Solon initiate?
outlawed debt slavery, 4 social classes, press charges
What steps did Cleisthenes take to create a limited democracy in Athens?
Broke citizens into 10 groups by wealth; created council of 500-proposed laws and counciled assembly-chosen by lots
What advantages did the Greek soldiers have over the Persians?
Persians had light armor and lacked training and Greeks were disciplined and had skillfull strategies
What were the consequences of the Persian Wars?
Greeks felt more confident-Athens emerged as leader of Delian League and moved league quarters to Athens. End of Persian throne, Golden age of Athens emerges.
Polis
a unique version of a city-state used by Greeks
Acropolis
The High City
Monarchy
Ruled by a king
Hereditary
Democracy
Ruled by a larger group of citizens
majority rules
Oligarchy
Ruled by a small group
Based on wealth and ability
Ruling groups controlled the military
Aristocracy
Land owning group had political power
Nobility / Social Status and wealth
Demos
Everyday average person who didn’t own land
Helot
Slaves
Citizen
An inhabitant of a particular town or city
Tyrant
A ruler a city state might appoint to power to be a dictator for a set time
Could become harsh and over throw aristocrats
Phalanx
a massive formation of heavily armed foot soldiers
Persian Wars
series of wars between Greece & Persian Empire 546-479 BC
Which of the events on your time line do you think was the most important for life today?
The victory in Persian Wars. The Persians Wars eliminated their single greatest enemy, gave them their greatest military victories, prompted the city-states to unite and form the Delian league and gave the Greek city-states the security to flourish
How does an aristocracy differ from an oligarchy?
In an oligarchy, they don’t have to be landowning men, they could be wealthy merchants or artisans. Also in aristocracy they become rulers by inheritance
What contributions did Solon and Cleisthenes make to the development of Athenian democracy?
Solon let all Athenian citizens participate in the Assembly and Cleisthenes created the Council of Five Hundred
How did Athens benefit from victory in the Persian Wars?
The Persians were the most threatening enemy of the Greek city-
states
After Persia was defeated, Greek life flourished, especially in Athens, which became the center of Greek life and culture
Compare the different models of government used in Ancient Greece
Monarchy: State ruled by a king, Rule is hereditary, Some rulers claim divine right Practiced in Mycenae by 2000 B.C.
Aristocracy: State ruled by nobility, Rule is hereditary and based on family ties, social rank, wealth, Social status and wealth support rulers’ authority, Practiced in Athens prior to 594 B.C.
Oligarchy: State ruled by a small, group of citizens, Rule is based on wealth or ability, Ruling group controls military, Practiced in Sparta by 500 B.C.
Democracy: State ruled by its citizens, Rule is based on citizenship, Majority rule decides vote, Practiced in Athens by about 500 B.C.
Compare the different styles of life in the two main Greek city states, Athens and Sparta
The differences between the two city-states from Ancient Greece. All different types of differences. Athens was a very normal city with a few quirks. Sparta is a little different from U.S.A in that they were sometimes harsher than expected, but then not
Which had the largest population? Athens or Sparta
Athens
Which was a military oligarchy? Athens or Sparta
Athens
Which was a limited democracy?
Sparta
Which had two kings?
Sparta
Which had an assembly?
Both
Which had citizens as the upper class?
Both
Which had foreigners as a working class?
Both
Which had slaves?
Both
Which was the leader of the Delian League?
Athens
Which was the leader of the Peloponnesian League?
Sparta
Which had the strongest navy?
Athens
Which had the strongest army on land?
Sparta
Which had militaristic values?
Athens
Which had democratic values?
Sparta
Which limited women’s role in politics?
Athens
Which gave the most freedom to women?
Sparta
Which valued choral dance and music?
Athens
Which valued athletics
Both
Which gave more education to girls?
Sparta
Which gave more education to boys?
Athens
Whose population was approximately 140,000; 40,00 men and 40,00 slaves? (women weren’t considered citizens)
Athens
Who claims to be the “birthplace of democracy”?`
Athens
What are the achievements and the legacy of Athens?
- Art -Architecture
- Drama
- Literature
- Philosophy
- Science
- Medicine
- Democracy
What are the achievements and the legacy of Sparta?
- Simple lifestyle
- Military power
Define the Greco-Persian Wars
Also often called the Persian Wars were a series of conflicts between the Achaemenid Empire of Persia (modern day Iran) and Greek city-states that started in 499 BC and lasted until 449 BC
Causes of the Greco-Persian Wars
Cause: The Persian wars against Greece were caused because the Darius, the Persian king, wanted to expand their empire. The wars took place in the early 5th century B.C. but the first attack was around 490 B.C. but the Persians lost. King Darius was humiliated and wanted to continue on which caused the series of war
Effect of the Greco-Persian Wars
Effect: The wars with the Persians affected ancient Greece greatly. The Athens were destroyed by the Persians, but the Athenians built the beautiful buildings that are important cultural aspects today. In Greek art, there are many scenes of Greeks fighting Persians. The wars also led to the unity between the Greeks. It was essential to their success in defeating their enemy because of how strong and large the Persians were
Direct Democracy:
A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives
Classical Art:
Art of ancient Greece and Rome where harmony, order, and proportion were emphasized
Tragedy:
A serious drama about common themes such as love, hate, and betrayal
Comedy:
A humorous form of drama that often includes slapstick and satire, often used to make fun of government officials
Peloponnesian War:
War between Athens and Sparta, Sparta was the winner
Philosopher:
Thinker who uses logic and reason to investigate the nature of the universe, human society, and morality
Socrates:
Believed that absolute standards did exist for truth and justice and he encouraged Greeks to go farther and question themselves and their moral character
Plato:
Student of Socrates, wrote the Republic where he set his vision of a perfectly governed society-not a democracy- some place where citizens would fall into three groups: farmers/artisans, warriors, and the rulers
Aristotle:
Questioned the nature of the world and of human belief, thought, and knowledge, invented a method of arguing according to rules of logic
Which of Pericles’ goals do you think had the greatest impact on the modern world?
He introduced direct democracy which allowed more people to be involved.We look at Athenian democracy to help improve and make our own
What steps did Pericles take to strengthen democracy in Athens?
He increased the number of paid public officials and he introduced direct democracy
What were the battle strategies of Athens and Sparta in the Peloponnesian War?
Athens: To avoid land battles with the Spartan army Wait to strike from the sea Sparta: Strike from land To burn the Athenian food supply
Why do you think some Athenians found the ideas of Socrates so disturbing?
Because they had never been asked to question their own morals
How did Pericles strengthen democracy?
He increased the number of paid public officials
And introduced direct democracy
What steps did Pericles take to strengthen the empire and glorify Athens?
Used money to form delian league to beautify athens and built parthenon
What themes were common in Greek tragedy?
Love
Hate
War
Betrayal
What do the themes of Greek comedies suggest about the men and women of Athens?
Showed freedom of the democratic Athens
Made fun of politics
Respected people, and ideas of the time
That women had more power over men
What was Plato’s vision of the ideal society?
Not a democracy?
3 groups farmers, artisans, warriors, and the ruling class
What is the philosophic legacy of Aristotle?
Questioned the nature of the word and human belief; scientific method
Philip II:
Who - King of Macedonia
What - King of Macedonia who conquered Greece using strong military
When - Became Macedonian king in 359 B.C.
Where - Southeastern Europe
Why - Dominated Greece
Macedonia:
Who - Ruled by Phillip 2 from 359-3336 B.C.
What - An ancient kingdom in southeastern Europe
When - Ruled by Phillip 2 from 359-3336 B.C.
Where - North of Greece
Why - It was the first place Alexander the Great ruled
Alexander the Great:
Who - Son and successor of Phillip 2What - A military leader who conquered many empires
When - 356-323 BC
Where - Greece, Persia, Egypt
Why - Conquered many places after he died monarchy was brought back
Darius III:
Who - Persian king
What - A king a Persia defeated by Alexander The Great
When - 380-330 B.C.
Where - Persia
Why - If he had worked harder Alexander may have never conquered Persia
Which of Alexander’s conquests do you think was the most significant? Why?
I think his conquest of Persia was the most important because it inspired him to continue on conquering
How was Philip II able to conquer Greece?
Greece had jus ended Peloponnesian War and the city-states became weak
Greek city-states decreased in economical and military control
Had well-trained army (Phalanx)
Philip II’s goal was to conquer Persia. Why did Alexander continue his campaign of
conquest after this goal had been achieved?
After that he crazed more victories and wanted to conquer everything to the end off the continent
What happened to Alexander’s empire after his death?
Three of his generals split it up between themselves and ruled their own empire
Alexander The Great’s Action: Led soldiers across Helles point into Anatolia
Goals
To carry out his father’s plan to invade/conquer Persia
Result
Alexander smashed persian defenses
Alexander The Great’s Action: Launched surprise attack against Persians near Issus
Goals
to take over Anatolia with a complex plan
Result
Darius III fled and Alexander took over anatolia
Alexander The Great’s Action: Rejected Darius’ peace settlement of all lands west Euphrates River
Goals
To conquer the entire persian empire
Result
Alexander took over Persia
Alexander The Great’s Action: Launched a phalanx attack followed by a cavalry charge at Gaugamela
Goals
The goal was to conquer Persia overall
Result
Alexander launch a major phalanx attack and his victory ended all of Persia’s power
Alexander The Great’s Action: Leg army into Indus Valley
Goals
he planned to reach the edge of the farthest continent
Result
the soldiers were tired and they all returned home to Babylon
Hellenistic
Blending
Alexandria
Became foremost center of commerce and hellenistic civilization
Euclid
Eratosthenes and aristarchus used a geometry text complied
Archimedes
Syracuse studied at Alexandria
Colossus of Rhodes
A bronze statue that stood more than 100 feet high
Which Hellenistic achievement had the greatest impact? Why?
Geometry because it helped in astronomy, architecture and still applies to us today
How did trade contribute to cultural diversity in the Hellenistic city of Alexandria?
the trade was from all the countries and very diverse
How did Euclid influence some of the developments in astronomy during the Hellenistic period?
the geometry that he wrote about helped eratosthenes and aristarchus calculate the earth size
What did Stoicism and Epicureanism have in common?
They both have the belief that people should live in peace
Hellenistic Culture
Astronomy
Mathematics
Physics
Philosophy
Astronomy
The circumference of the earth was determined
It was revealed that the planets revolved around the sun, not the earth, as previously stated by Ptolemy, a Greek
The sun was calculated to be 300 times the size of the earth
Mathematics
The value of pi was estimated
Euclid made many contributions to geometry (Euclidian geometry)
Pythagorean theory was established
Physics
Archimedes designed a screw that was able to pump underground water
Law of lever
Lever and pulleys; heavy objects could now be lifted
Philosophy
Stoicism and Epicureanism emerged; social unity promoted as well as virtuous behavior
The influences of Socrates. Plato, and Aristotle continued in Hellenistic society
