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Pathophysiology > weeks 6 and 7 > Flashcards

weeks 6 and 7 Flashcards

1
Q

what part of the body is the main control center for hormone regulation

A

hypothalamus

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2
Q

which hormone deficiency is the highest priority?

A

TSH

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3
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone is secreted by teh _____ to stimulate production of _____

A

anterior pituitary gland

T4

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4
Q

hypothyroidism is measured by _____ TSH

A

High

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5
Q

which situation or condition is likely to result in an increased production of thyroid hormones

A

cold environmental exposure

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5
Q

thyroid hormones influence the metabolic rate in two ways:

A
  1. by stimulating almost every tissue in the body to produce proteins
  2. by increasing the amount of oxygen that cells use
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6
Q

thyroid hormones affect many vital body functions, such as

A

heart rate
the rate at which calories are burned
skin maintainance
growth
heat production
fertility
digestion

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7
Q

where does the conversion of T4 to T3 occur

A

the liver and other tissues

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8
Q

if a client has a low dietary intake of iodine (iodide), which hormone would be most profoundly affected and how would it be affected

A

deficiency of thyroid hormone

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9
Q

which finding is the most common cause of hypothyroidism

A

autoimmune thyroiditis

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10
Q

where is the pituitary gland located

A

sella turcica of the brain

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11
Q

which condition is associated with over secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

cushings syndrome

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12
Q

primary disfunction of the pituitary glands

A

a problem with the thyroid gland secreting too much (hyper) or not enough (hypo) thyroid hormones

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13
Q

secondary dysfunction of the pituitary glands

A

occurs when the pituitary secret too much (hyper) or not enough (hypo) thyroid stimulating hormone, causing over or under secretion of T4 die to pituitary signals

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14
Q

which statement describes a secondary endocrine disorder

A

an endocrine gland does not secrete enough hormones to stimulate another endocrine gland to secrete a different hormone

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15
Q

what is the most common cause of a pituitary disorder

A

non-cancerous tumor

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16
Q

too much growth hormone causes

A

gigantism
acromegaly

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17
Q

too little growth hormone causes

A

dwarfism(children),
nonspecific symptoms in adults (fatigue, body composition changes)

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18
Q

too much adrenocorticotrpoic homrone ACTH causes

A

cushings syndrome

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19
Q

too little adrenocorticotropic hormone causes

A

addisons disease

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20
Q

too much thyroid stimulating hormone causes

A

secondary hyperthyroidism

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21
Q

too little thyroid stimulating hormone causes

A

secondary hypothyroidism

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22
Q

too much prolactin causes

A

increased milk production (in women)

reproductive dysfunction (men and women)

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23
Q

too little prolactin causes

A

decreased milk production after childbirth (women, no known affect to men)

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24
too much follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
menstrual cycle disturbance, infertility (at very high levels)
25
too little follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
amenorrhea, infertility, erectile dysfunction (in men), delayed puberty
26
too much luteinizing hormone (LH)
menstrual cycle disturbance, infertility (at very high levels)
27
too little luteinizing hormone (LH)
amenorrhea, infertility, erectile dysfunction (in men), delayed pubetry
28
too much oxytocin
Uterus to contract too much or rupture
29
too little oxytocin
diminished milk production after birth. Slow uterine contractions
30
too much antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), edema, concentrated urine, electrolyte imbalance (especially low sodium)
31
too little antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
diabetes insipidus, dehydration, dilute urine, electrolyte imbalance (especially high sodium)
32
symptoms of cushings syndrome
red and rounded face, CNS irritability, hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, hyperplasia tumor, purple striae, obesity, osteoporosis, thin fragile skin that bruises easily, muscle loss and weakness, skin ulcers
33
symptoms of addisons disease
skin hyperpigmentation, low blood pressure, weakness, weight loss, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain, virtiligo
34
what signs and symptoms are common and may be seen after someone experiences a traumatic brain injury
intense thirst, dilute urine, excessive urination
35
what factor places a person at risk of developing diabetes meillitus type 1
presence of autoantibodies
36
the classic signs of type 1 diabetes are referred to as the 3 P's:
polyuria (excessive urination), polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyphagia (excessive eating)
37
diabetes mellitus type 1
an autoimmune disorder thought to develop through genetic presdisposition or from exposure to a virus
38
diabetes type 1 predisposition is linked to
human leukocyte antigens (HLAs). when a person has certain HLAs is exposed to a virus, the beta cells in the pancreas are destroyed through an autoimmune response
39
ideopathic diabetes
another form of DM1 that is inherited but not related to autoimmunity. Rare, commonly affects hispanic, african, or asian
40
latent autoimmune diabetes mellitus in adults (LADA)
a slowly progressing form of DM1. It presents in adults and is commonly mistaken for DM2
41
decreased levels of insulin interfere with carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism because
the transpot of glucose and amino acids into cells is impaired and the synthesis of protein and glycogen for energy does not occur
42
the cells of a peron living with DM1 are resistant to insulin, allowing
blood glucose to rise
43
risk factors for DM1
family history/genetics, environmental factors (some illnesses, viral infections can damage the beta cells in the pancreas), presence of autoanitbodies (cells that mistakenly identify normal cells as foreign), geography ( certain countries like finland and sweden hace have rates of DM1)
44
in DM1, excess glucose exceeds the ability of the renal tubular to reabsorb it into the blood, causing
glucose to be excreted in the urine
45
In DM1, osmotic pressure from glucose increases the fluid and electrolytes excreted in urine (polyuria), causing
fluid and electrolytes to move from the cells to the blood
46
additional signs of DM1
sudden unintentional weight loss, numbness and tingling, feeling tired, dry skin, sores taht heal slowly, more infections that usual, nausea, vomiting, stomach pains, frequent yeast infections
47
a client is in the clinic to have a lab test to evaluate long-term glycemic control. what test should be ordered
glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C)
48
how do you treat DM1
diet, exercise, and insulin replacement
49
long term complications of diabetes
eye disease, stroke, heart damage, renal failure, nerve disease, diabetic foot, arteriosclerosis, peripheral vascular disease, coronary artery disease
50
healthy A1C level is
below 5.7%
51
which clinical manifestation distinguishes hypoglycemia from diabetic ketoacidosis
diaphoresis (excessive sweating)
52
describe insulin resistance
there is insulin in the blood, but insulin receptors do no respond to it
53
the 5 main factors that contribute to the development of DM2
1. insulin resistance 2. insulin resistance causes the pancreas to produce more insulin 3. insulin production is decreased (beta cells in pancreas become fatigued and begin to fail) 4. glucose is no appopriately produced by the liver 5 cytokines produced by the adipose tissue can cause chronic inflammation
54
risk factors for DM2
age greater than 45, sedentary lifestyle, family(parent or sibling) with diabetes, tobacco use, ethnicity (black, hispanic), vitamin D deficinency, history of pre-diabetes or gestational diabetes, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome
55
which clinical manifestations are unique to DM2
weight gain, dark patches in skin folds, frequent fungal infections
56
signs and symptoms of DM2
polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia, weight gain, increased abdominal girth, delayed wound healing, dar patches on skin usually in skin folds, tingling in hands and feet, erectile dysfunction, frequent fungal infections, extreme fatigue, vision changes
57
how to treat DM2
diet, exercise, medication
58
hypoglycemia can lead to
Tachycardia and tremors Irritability Restless Excessive hunger Diaphoresis (sweating)
59
clinical manifestations of HHS
high blood sugar, confusion, dry mouth, extreme thirst, frequent urination, fever over 100.4, blurred vision or vision loss, weakness or paralysis that may be worse on one side of the body
60
an older adult living with type 2 diabetes mellitus has pneumonia, which complication is this person at highest risk
hyperosmolar hyperglycemia syndrome (HHS)
61
what is triggered by high potassium levels
aldosterone
62
what is adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH released from
anterior pituitary gland
63
what does ACTH do
stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone and cortisol from the adrenal glands
64
what causes the release of ACTH
stress
65
where is FSH released from
its a gonadotropin released from the anterior pituitary gland
66
what does FSH do
men: sperm production women: ovarian follicles for eggs
67
what is the stimulus for FSH
GnRH gonadotropin releasing hormone (from hypothalamus)
68
where is LH released from
a gonadotropin released from the anterior pituitary gland
69
what does LH do
women: ovulation men: leads to sperm production
70
what is the stimulus for LH
GnRH from the hypothalamus
71
where is growth hormone released from
anterior pituitary gland
72
what is the effect of GH
increased during anabolic metabolism, cartilidge growth, and catabolism of fat. blood glucose and insulin effects
73
what is the stimulus for growth hormone
normal growth and development
74
where is prolactin released from
anterior pituitary gland
75
what is the effect of prolactin
stimulates production of milk
76
what is the stimulus for prolactin
estrogen, pregnancy, and nursing
77
where is TSH released from
anterior pituitary gland
78
what does TSH do
stimulates the thyroid to release T3 and T4
79
what is the stimulous for TSH
needs of the thyroid gland
80
what does the posterior pituitary gland do
stores and secretes hormones for the hypothalamus
81
where is ADH released from
posterior pituitary gland
82
what does ADH do
adds water back into the body by telling the kidneys to reabsorb water
83
what is the stimulus for ADH
decreased BP, pain, high osmolality of the blood
84
where is calcitonin released from
thyroid gland
85
what does calcitonin do
puts a ton of calcium into the bone and out of the blood
86
How does our body get calcium
Renals reabsorb(Ca+ from urine) Intestinal (GI absorption with help of vit D) Bone (into the blood)
87
what are the top 3 signs of hypercalcemia
kidney stones, fractured bones, constipation
88
what does high aldosterone do
adds to much sodium and water (hypernatremia and hypertension) kicks out too much potassium (hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis)
89
what are the main functions of albumin
maintenance of osmotic pressure, binding to transport various substances like hormones

Pathophysiology (20 decks)

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