Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology > weeks 6 and 7 > Flashcards

weeks 6 and 7 Flashcards

1
Q

what part of the body is the main control center for hormone regulation

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

which hormone deficiency is the highest priority?

A

TSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone is secreted by teh _____ to stimulate production of _____

A

anterior pituitary gland

T4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

hypothyroidism is measured by _____ TSH

A

High

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

which situation or condition is likely to result in an increased production of thyroid hormones

A

cold environmental exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

thyroid hormones influence the metabolic rate in two ways:

A
  1. by stimulating almost every tissue in the body to produce proteins
  2. by increasing the amount of oxygen that cells use
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

thyroid hormones affect many vital body functions, such as

A

heart rate
the rate at which calories are burned
skin maintainance
growth
heat production
fertility
digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

where does the conversion of T4 to T3 occur

A

the liver and other tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

if a client has a low dietary intake of iodine (iodide), which hormone would be most profoundly affected and how would it be affected

A

deficiency of thyroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

which finding is the most common cause of hypothyroidism

A

autoimmune thyroiditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

where is the pituitary gland located

A

sella turcica of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

which condition is associated with over secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

cushings syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

primary disfunction of the pituitary glands

A

a problem with the thyroid gland secreting too much (hyper) or not enough (hypo) thyroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

secondary dysfunction of the pituitary glands

A

occurs when the pituitary secret too much (hyper) or not enough (hypo) thyroid stimulating hormone, causing over or under secretion of T4 die to pituitary signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

which statement describes a secondary endocrine disorder

A

an endocrine gland does not secrete enough hormones to stimulate another endocrine gland to secrete a different hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the most common cause of a pituitary disorder

A

non-cancerous tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

too much growth hormone causes

A

gigantism
acromegaly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

too little growth hormone causes

A

dwarfism(children),
nonspecific symptoms in adults (fatigue, body composition changes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

too much adrenocorticotrpoic homrone ACTH causes

A

cushings syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

too little adrenocorticotropic hormone causes

A

addisons disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

too much thyroid stimulating hormone causes

A

secondary hyperthyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

too little thyroid stimulating hormone causes

A

secondary hypothyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

too much prolactin causes

A

increased milk production (in women)

reproductive dysfunction (men and women)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

too little prolactin causes

A

decreased milk production after childbirth (women, no known affect to men)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

too much follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

menstrual cycle disturbance, infertility (at very high levels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

too little follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

amenorrhea, infertility, erectile dysfunction (in men), delayed puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

too much luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

menstrual cycle disturbance, infertility (at very high levels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

too little luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

amenorrhea, infertility, erectile dysfunction (in men), delayed pubetry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

too much oxytocin

A

Uterus to contract too much or rupture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

too little oxytocin

A

diminished milk production after birth. Slow uterine contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

too much antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), edema, concentrated urine, electrolyte imbalance (especially low sodium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

too little antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

diabetes insipidus, dehydration, dilute urine, electrolyte imbalance (especially high sodium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

symptoms of cushings syndrome

A

red and rounded face, CNS irritability, hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, hyperplasia tumor, purple striae, obesity, osteoporosis, thin fragile skin that bruises easily, muscle loss and weakness, skin ulcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

symptoms of addisons disease

A

skin hyperpigmentation, low blood pressure, weakness, weight loss, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain, virtiligo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what signs and symptoms are common and may be seen after someone experiences a traumatic brain injury

A

intense thirst, dilute urine, excessive urination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what factor places a person at risk of developing diabetes meillitus type 1

A

presence of autoantibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

the classic signs of type 1 diabetes are referred to as the 3 P’s:

A

polyuria (excessive urination), polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyphagia (excessive eating)

37
Q

diabetes mellitus type 1

A

an autoimmune disorder thought to develop through genetic presdisposition or from exposure to a virus

38
Q

diabetes type 1 predisposition is linked to

A

human leukocyte antigens (HLAs). when a person has certain HLAs is exposed to a virus, the beta cells in the pancreas are destroyed through an autoimmune response

39
Q

ideopathic diabetes

A

another form of DM1 that is inherited but not related to autoimmunity. Rare, commonly affects hispanic, african, or asian

40
Q

latent autoimmune diabetes mellitus in adults (LADA)

A

a slowly progressing form of DM1. It presents in adults and is commonly mistaken for DM2

41
Q

decreased levels of insulin interfere with carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism because

A

the transpot of glucose and amino acids into cells is impaired and the synthesis of protein and glycogen for energy does not occur

42
Q

the cells of a peron living with DM1 are resistant to insulin, allowing

A

blood glucose to rise

43
Q

risk factors for DM1

A

family history/genetics, environmental factors (some illnesses, viral infections can damage the beta cells in the pancreas), presence of autoanitbodies (cells that mistakenly identify normal cells as foreign), geography ( certain countries like finland and sweden hace have rates of DM1)

44
Q

in DM1, excess glucose exceeds the ability of the renal tubular to reabsorb it into the blood, causing

A

glucose to be excreted in the urine

45
Q

In DM1, osmotic pressure from glucose increases the fluid and electrolytes excreted in urine (polyuria), causing

A

fluid and electrolytes to move from the cells to the blood

46
Q

additional signs of DM1

A

sudden unintentional weight loss, numbness and tingling, feeling tired, dry skin, sores taht heal slowly, more infections that usual, nausea, vomiting, stomach pains, frequent yeast infections

47
Q

a client is in the clinic to have a lab test to evaluate long-term glycemic control. what test should be ordered

A

glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C)

48
Q

how do you treat DM1

A

diet, exercise, and insulin replacement

49
Q

long term complications of diabetes

A

eye disease, stroke, heart damage, renal failure, nerve disease, diabetic foot, arteriosclerosis, peripheral vascular disease, coronary artery disease

50
Q

healthy A1C level is

A

below 5.7%

51
Q

which clinical manifestation distinguishes hypoglycemia from diabetic ketoacidosis

A

diaphoresis (excessive sweating)

52
Q

describe insulin resistance

A

there is insulin in the blood, but insulin receptors do no respond to it

53
Q

the 5 main factors that contribute to the development of DM2

A
  1. insulin resistance
  2. insulin resistance causes the pancreas to produce more insulin
  3. insulin production is decreased (beta cells in pancreas become fatigued and begin to fail)
  4. glucose is no appopriately produced by the liver
    5 cytokines produced by the adipose tissue can cause chronic inflammation
54
Q

risk factors for DM2

A

age greater than 45, sedentary lifestyle, family(parent or sibling) with diabetes, tobacco use, ethnicity (black, hispanic), vitamin D deficinency, history of pre-diabetes or gestational diabetes, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome

55
Q

which clinical manifestations are unique to DM2

A

weight gain, dark patches in skin folds, frequent fungal infections

56
Q

signs and symptoms of DM2

A

polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia, weight gain, increased abdominal girth, delayed wound healing, dar patches on skin usually in skin folds, tingling in hands and feet, erectile dysfunction, frequent fungal infections, extreme fatigue, vision changes

57
Q

how to treat DM2

A

diet, exercise, medication

58
Q

hypoglycemia can lead to

A

Tachycardia and tremors
Irritability
Restless
Excessive hunger
Diaphoresis (sweating)

59
Q

clinical manifestations of HHS

A

high blood sugar, confusion, dry mouth, extreme thirst, frequent urination, fever over 100.4, blurred vision or vision loss, weakness or paralysis that may be worse on one side of the body

60
Q

an older adult living with type 2 diabetes mellitus has pneumonia, which complication is this person at highest risk

A

hyperosmolar hyperglycemia syndrome (HHS)

61
Q

what is triggered by high potassium levels

A

aldosterone

62
Q

what is adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH released from

A

anterior pituitary gland

63
Q

what does ACTH do

A

stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone and cortisol from the adrenal glands

64
Q

what causes the release of ACTH

A

stress

65
Q

where is FSH released from

A

its a gonadotropin released from the anterior pituitary gland

66
Q

what does FSH do

A

men: sperm production
women: ovarian follicles for eggs

67
Q

what is the stimulus for FSH

A

GnRH
gonadotropin releasing hormone (from hypothalamus)

68
Q

where is LH released from

A

a gonadotropin released from the anterior pituitary gland

69
Q

what does LH do

A

women: ovulation
men: leads to sperm production

70
Q

what is the stimulus for LH

A

GnRH from the hypothalamus

71
Q

where is growth hormone released from

A

anterior pituitary gland

72
Q

what is the effect of GH

A

increased during anabolic metabolism, cartilidge growth, and catabolism of fat. blood glucose and insulin effects

73
Q

what is the stimulus for growth hormone

A

normal growth and development

74
Q

where is prolactin released from

A

anterior pituitary gland

75
Q

what is the effect of prolactin

A

stimulates production of milk

76
Q

what is the stimulus for prolactin

A

estrogen, pregnancy, and nursing

77
Q

where is TSH released from

A

anterior pituitary gland

78
Q

what does TSH do

A

stimulates the thyroid to release T3 and T4

79
Q

what is the stimulous for TSH

A

needs of the thyroid gland

80
Q

what does the posterior pituitary gland do

A

stores and secretes hormones for the hypothalamus

81
Q

where is ADH released from

A

posterior pituitary gland

82
Q

what does ADH do

A

adds water back into the body by telling the kidneys to reabsorb water

83
Q

what is the stimulus for ADH

A

decreased BP, pain, high osmolality of the blood

84
Q

where is calcitonin released from

A

thyroid gland

85
Q

what does calcitonin do

A

puts a ton of calcium into the bone and out of the blood

86
Q

How does our body get calcium

A

Renals reabsorb(Ca+ from urine)
Intestinal (GI absorption with help of vit D)
Bone (into the blood)

87
Q

what are the top 3 signs of hypercalcemia

A

kidney stones, fractured bones, constipation

88
Q

what does high aldosterone do

A

adds to much sodium and water (hypernatremia and hypertension)
kicks out too much potassium (hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis)

89
Q

what are the main functions of albumin

A

maintenance of osmotic pressure, binding to transport various substances like hormones

Pathophysiology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions