Elimination

Question 1

gastrin

Answer 1

found in gastric cells
increases stomach motility and acid production
promotes gastric emptying

Question 2

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Answer 2

Found in intestinal mucosal cells
stimulated by fat and ​amino acids in the duodenum
inhibits gastric secretion and motility
fuels pancreatic enzyme secretion
stimulates ​gallbladder contractions to release bile

Question 3

secretin

Answer 3

Found in intestinal mucosal cells
stimulated​ by acidic chyme in the duodenum
triggers bile and pancreatic ​secretions with bicarbonate content

Question 4

risk for fecal incontinence

Answer 4

advanced age​
diarrhea​
impaired mobility​
impaired cognition​
injury or chronic condition affecting the rectal neuropathway​

Question 5

symptoms of diarrhea

Answer 5

nausea​
vomiting​
cramping pain​
irritability​
loss of skin turgor​
diagnosis​

Question 6

complications of diarrhea

Answer 6

dehydration​
electrolyte imbalances​
metabolic acidosis​
malnutrition​

Question 7

risk factors for impaired urination

Answer 7

altered cognition​
impaired mobility​
obesity​
smoking​
enlarged prostrate​
pregnancy​
pelvic masses or tumors​
some medications​
family history of urinary alterations​
injuries or pathology affecting the neurologic system, spine, or pelvic organs​

Question 8

Stress incontinence

Answer 8

occurs when increased intraabdominal pressure forces urine through the sphincter.​ This can occur with coughing, lifting, or laughing but is more frequent in women after the urogenital diaphragm has weakened due to multiple pregnancies or aging. ​

Question 9

Overflow incontinence

Answer 9

happens when an incompetent bladder sphincter is unable to control the flow of urine.

Question 10

Urge incontinence

Answer 10

Urge incontinence is the sudden need to urinate, quickly followed by bladder contraction and urination.​

Question 11

Functional incontinence

Answer 11

is due to a physical limitation rather than an abnormality of the urinary tract.​

Question 12

symptoms of acute urinary retention

Answer 12

inability to urinate​
pain, often severe, in the lower abdomen​
the urgent need to urinate​
swelling of the lower abdomen​

Question 13

symptoms of chronic urinary retention

Answer 13

inability to fully empty the bladder​
frequently urinating small amounts of urine​
urinary hesitancy, which is difficulty starting to urinate​
a slow, weak urine stream​
an urgent need to urinate, though unable to go​
feeling the need to urinate right after urinating​
leaking urine without any warning or urge​
lower abdominal pain or discomfort​

Question 14

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Answer 14

An elevation of the BUN may indicate that the body is creating too much or the kidneys are not removing enough nitrogen waste.

Question 15

serum creatine

Answer 15

Creatinine, a byproduct of skeletal muscle contractions, is only excreted through the kidneys, making this test a reliable measure of glomerular filtration.

Question 16

serum pH

Answer 16

As the renal tubules fail to control the acid-base balance, the serum pH falls, resulting in metabolic acidosis.

Question 17

Red blood cells (RBC), hematocrit (Hct), and hemoglobin (Hgb)

Answer 17

The kidneys produce erythropoietin, a hormone that promotes the development of red blood cells and helps regulate iron metabolism.

Question 18

serum electrolytes

Answer 18

Because electrolyte levels differ as fluid is retained or lost through the kidneys, they are not a reliable indicator of renal function. However, as kidney function decreases, changes in serum electrolytes may require monitoring and treatment.

Question 19

antibody levels

Answer 19

Antibody titers are used to confirm the presence of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.

Question 20

renin levels

Answer 20

Renin is a substance produced by the kidneys that contributes to blood pressure regulation.

Question 21

which part of the gastrointestinal system absorbs water and electrolytes from digested food?

Answer 21

colon

Question 22

Intestinal obstruction occurs in two forms.

Answer 22

Mechanical obstructions result from tumors, adhesions, hernias, or other tangible obstructions.

Functional or adynamic obstructions result from a neurologic impairment, such as spinal cord injury or a lack of propulsion in the intestine, often called paralytic ileus.

Question 23

risk of bowel obstruction

Answer 23

cancer, especially in the abdomen​
Crohn’s disease​
ulcerative colitis​
previous abdominal or pelvic surgery, which may increase the risk of adhesions​
radiation therapy​

Question 24

What type of acute kidney injury (AKI) results from kidney stones?

Answer 24

postrenal

Question 25

What are the common causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

Answer 25

hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, renal disorders

Question 26

Prerenal injury

Answer 26

is caused before the kidney by anything that decreases perfusion to the kidney. This can include low blood pressure, severe blood loss, heart pump failure, or anything else affecting the transport of oxygenated blood to the kidney.

Question 27

Intrarenal injury

Answer 27

occurs in the kidney. This is usually caused by an inflammatory or immune response. Conditions that may cause intrarenal injury are infection, tumors, glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, acute tubular necrosis (ATN), radiopaque dye, nephrotoxic drugs, coagulation defects, and impaired blood flow within the kidneys.

Question 28

Postrenal injury

Answer 28

usually results from a blockage anywhere after the kidney to the urethra. This includes renal calculi (i.e., kidney stones), prostatic hypertrophy, neurogenic bladder, and tumors.

Question 29

a person living with renal disease is more likely to experience which electrolyte imbalances?

Answer 29

Everything HYPER, except for calcium. calcium is hypocalcemia