Fliud, electrolytes, and acid-base balance Flashcards
determines the reabsorption of both sodium ions and water from the kidney tubules; these hormones conserve more fluid when there is a fluid deficit in the body
Aldosterone
controls the amount of fluid leaving the body in the urine; promotes water reabsorption into the blood from the kidney tubules .
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
fluid in the abdominal cavity
Ascites
hormones that are released from by the cardiac muscle fibers in response to increased pressure within the cardiac chambers, stimulate the elimination of water and sodium in the urine to prevent salt-induced hypertension
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP
an abnormality in the timing or pattern of the heartbeat
Arrhythmias
atypical contraction of the fingers
Carpopedal spasm
the force exerted by the blood confined within blood vessels or heart chambers
Blood hydrostatic pressure
fluid overload; a medical condition that occurs when there is too much fluid in the blood. I can cause high blood pressure, swelling, and impact organ function
Hypervolemia
Causes of hypomagnesemia
use of diuretics, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperparathyroidism, hyperaldosteronism
Signs and symptoms of hypomagnesemia
tremors, tetany, seizures, arrhythmia, numbness, tingling, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, weakness, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), insomnia
area in the brain that controls body temp, heart rate, hunger, and mood
Hypothalamus
Hypovolemia
fluid deficit; causes weakness, dizziness, muscle cramps, thirst, low blood pressure, weak thready pulse, increased heart rate, fatigue, increased hematocrit, confusion
Caused by- dehydration, hemorrhage, burns, sodium depletion (hyponatremia), diabetic ketoacidosis
abnormal touch sensation such as “pins and needles”
Paresthesia
a solution having the same osmotic pressure as some other solution, especially one in a cell or a body fluid.
Isotonic
having a lower osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid.
Hypotonic
having a higher osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid
Hypertonic
Causes of hyponatremia
excessive sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, use of diuretics with low-salt diets, hormonal imbalances (insufficient aldosterone, adrenal insufficiency, and excess ADH secretion), early chronic renal failure, excessive water intake
Effects of hyponatremia
Low sodium levels impair nerve conduction and result in fluid imbalances between the compartments
Signs and symptoms of hyponatremia
fatigue, muscle cramps, abdominal discomfort or cramps with nausea and vomiting, anorexia, lethargy, muscle weakness, headache, confusion, decreased blood pressure
Effects of hypernatremia
thirst, weakness, lethargy, agitation, edema, elevated blood pressure, decreased urine output because ADH is low, firm subcutaneous tissues
Causes of hypernatremia
insufficient ADH which results in a large volume of dilute urine (diabetes insipidus), loss of the thirst mechanism, watery diarrhea, prolonged periods of rapid dehydration
Causes of hypokalemia
excessive losses from the body because of diarrhea, decreased dietary intake, treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis with insulin, certain diuretic drugs, presence of excessive aldosterone or glucocorticoids in the body ( such as cushings syndrome)
Effects of hypokalemia
cardiac dysrhythmias showing ECG pattern changes eventually leading to cardiac arrest, anorexia, nausea, constipation, fatigue, muscle twitch, weakness, leg cramps, shallow respirations, paresthesia, postural hypotension, polyuria, nocturia, elevated serum pH level (alkalosis)
Causes of hyperkalemia
renal failure, deficit of aldosterone, use of “potassium sparing” diuretic drugs, leakage of intracellular potassium into extracellular fluid from extensive tissue damage(burns, crush injury), displacement of potassium from prolonged severe acidosis
Effects of hyperkalemia
arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, nausea, diarrhea, muscle weakness, paralysis beginning in the legs, paresthesia (fingers, toes, face tongue), oliguria (low urine output), serum pH decreased (acidosis), shallow respirations,
hypoparathyroidism (decreased parathyroid hormone results in decreased intestinal absorption of calcium), malabsorption syndrome (vit. D or calcium), deficit serum albumin, increased serum pH (alkalosis)
Causes of hypocalcemia
tetany, muscle spasm, carpopedal spasm, tingling fingers, mental confusion, irritability, arrhythmias, weak heart contraction due to insufficient calcium for muscle action
Effects of hypocalcemia
uncontrolled release of calcium ions from the bones owing to neoplasms, hyperparathyroidism, increased intake of calcium, milk-alkali syndrome associated with milk and antacid intake
Causes of hypercalcemia
tetany, muscle spasm, carpopedal spasm, tingling fingers, mental confusion, irritability, arrhythmias, weak heart contraction due to insufficient calcium for muscle action
Causes of hypercalcemia
apathy, lethargy, anorexia, nausea, constipation, polyuria, thirst, kidney stones, arrhythmias, prolonged cardiac contractions, increased blood pressure
Effects of hypercalcemia
