endocrine disorders

Question 1

which part of the body is the main control center for hormonal regulation?

Answer 1

hypothalamus

Question 2

(what is the mechanism) the control of hormone release in response to changes in the extracellular fluid levels or iron levels

Answer 2

humoral stimuli

Question 3

(what is the mechanism) the release of hormones in response to hormones released by other endocrine glands

Answer 3

hormonal stimuli

Question 4

(what is the mechanism) the release of hormones in response to neural stimulation

Answer 4

neural stimuli

Question 5

describe negative feedback loop in hormone regulation

Answer 5

a reaction that causes a decrease in function to help maintain homeostasis

Question 6

what is metabolism

Answer 6

cellular process taht occurs with the cells of the body to produce energy and facilitate cellular growth and repair, for the purpose of maintaining homeostasis

Question 7

hormone levels are primarily controlled though ______ feedback loops, in which ______ levels of hormone inhibit its further release

Answer 7

negative, rising

Question 8

example of positive feedback loop

Answer 8

oxytocin is released from the posterior pituitary gland, which stimulates muscle contractions taht push the baby through the birth canal

Question 9

example of negative feedback loop

Answer 9

negative feedback loop occurs when a change in one directions causes a difference in the opposite direction. When thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH), which signals the anterior pituitary gland to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), causing the thyroid to release hormones. As newly released thyroid hormone levels increase the hypothalamus stops producing TRH, causing the anterior pituitary gland to stop producing TSH

Question 10

endocrine problems are usually cause by

Answer 10

hormone imbalances

Question 11

addison’s disease

Answer 11

the adrenal gland does not produce enough cortisol (stress hormone) and aldosterone. Causes low sodium and glucose and high potassium, dehydration, and weight loss

Question 12

Acromegaly

Answer 12

Cause: excessive growth
Rationale: in most cases it is caused by a benign tumor in the pituitary gland
-GHRH, GH, IGF-1

Question 13

cushing’s syndrome

Answer 13

causes: excess cortisol and increased secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (HCTH)
rationale: caused by excess of glucocorticoids. The excess may be due to long term use of steroids, a pituitary tumor, or adrenal adenoma

Question 14

diabetes mellitus

Answer 14

Cause: lack of insulin or insufficient use of insulin
Rationale: DM develops when the pancreas does not make enough insulin or insulin is not working the way it should

Question 15

hypoparathyroidism

Answer 15

Cause: low levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH)
rationale: hypoparathyroidism may be caused by a congenital anomaly, decreased activity of one or more of the four parathyroid glands, radiation near the glands (in the neck), surgery near the glands, or autoimmune disease

Question 16

polycystic ovarian syndrom PCOS

Answer 16

PCOS is caused by the ovaries producing unusually high levels of hormones called androgens. Ecess androgen causes the reproductive hormones to become imbalanced

Question 17

which external factors can affect hormone secretion in all systems?

Answer 17

chemicals, pollution, stress, sunlight

Question 18

which conditions can cause low levels of parathyroid hormone?

Answer 18

altered parathyroid function, autoimmune disease, congenital anomaly

Question 19

common clinical manifestations of hormonal imbalance

Answer 19

weight gain or loss
fatigue
muscle weakness/aches/tenderness/stiffness
pain/stiffness/swelling in the joints
increased HR
sweating
increased sensitivty to cold
constipation or more frequnt bowel movements
frequent urination
increased thirst
increased hunger
decreased sex drive
infertility
fine or thinning hair
dry skin