weeks 1-2

Question 1

metaplasia

Answer 1

replacement of a mature cell with another type of mature cell

Question 2

dysplasia

Answer 2

change in teh size, shape, and reproduction of cells

Question 3

anaplasia

Answer 3

cells that are undifferentiated, have variable cell structures, and many miotic figures
Example: aggressive tumors with rapid proliferation

Question 4

which intracellular functions are negatively impacted by hypoxia?

Answer 4

cell membrane, energy production, sodium-potassium pump, pH balance

Question 5

abnormal metabolies

Answer 5

accumulation of toxic compounds inside the cells leading to destruciton

Question 6

which hormone is associated with stress?

Answer 6

glucocorticoids

Question 7

what does norepinephrine do during stress response

Answer 7

causes pallor and nausea

Question 8

what does epinephrine do during stress response

Answer 8

increases heart rate and force of contraction

Question 9

what do glucocorticoids do during stress response

Answer 9

decreases anti-inflammatory response and depresses immune response

Question 10

signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion

Answer 10

dizziness, fainting, intense thirst, excessive sweating, rapid weak pulse, nausea, vomiting, pale cold clammy skin, muscle cramps, fatigue

Question 11

signs and symptoms of heat stroke

Answer 11

headache, confusion, elevated body temp, no sweating, rapid strong pulse, nausea, vomiting, red hot skin, may lose consciousness

Question 12

early signs and symptoms of cancer include

Answer 12

persistent cough, bloody sputum, wheezing, and fatigue

Question 13

grade 1 tumors

Answer 13

cells and tissue look very similar to healthy cells and tissue. These are well-differentiated and considered low grade

Question 14

grade 2 tumors

Answer 14

cells and tissue are somewhat abnormal and are called moderately differentiated. these are intermediate grade tumors

Question 15

grade 3 tumors

Answer 15

cancer cells and tissue look very abnormal. these cancers are considered poorly differentiated, since they no longer have architectural structure or patter. these are considered high grade tumors

Question 16

grade 4 tumors

Answer 16

these undifferentiated cancers have the most abnormal looking cells and are the highest grade. they typically grow and spread faster than lower grade tumors

Question 17

primary tumor (T)

Answer 17

TX: Main tumor cannot be measured.​
T0: Main tumor cannot be found.​
T(is), or T in situ: The tumor is still within the confines of the normal glands and cannot metastasize.​
T1, T2, T3, T4: Refers to the size and/or extent of the main tumor. The higher the number after the T, the larger the tumor or the more it has grown into nearby tissues. T’s may be further divided to provide more detail, such as T3a and T3b.​

Question 18

regional lymph nodes (N)

Answer 18

Lymphatic fluid transports immune system cells throughout the body. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped structures that help move this fluid. Cancer often first spreads to and through nearby lymph nodes.​

NX: Cancer in nearby lymph nodes cannot be measured.​
N0: There is no cancer in nearby lymph nodes.​
N1, N2, N3: Refers to the number and location of lymph nodes that contain cancer. The higher the number after the N, the more lymph nodes that contain cancer.​

Question 19

distant metastesis (M)

Answer 19

Metastasis is the spread of cancer to other parts of the body.​

MX: Metastasis cannot be measured.​
M0: Cancer has not spread to other parts of the body.​
M1: Cancer has spread to other parts of the body.​

Question 20

what does the TNM asses?

Answer 20

tumor size, spread to lymph nodes, and metastasis to stage malignant tumors

Question 21

what is leukemia

Answer 21

a group of blood cancers that usually begin in the bone marrow and results in many abnormal blood cells. A genetic mutation causes the precursor blood cells to lose their ability to differentiate into mature blood cells. The blast cells are stuck in this undifferentiated stage and don’t function effectively.

​Next, these immature blast cells divide uncontrollably and take up space in the bone marrow, crowding out the healthy cells. The competing immature and “healthy” mature cells fight for space and nutrition
the rapidly growing white blood cells suppress the production of other cells, resulting in anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia

Question 22

acute leukemias

Answer 22

have many undifferentiated, nonfunctioning cells in the bone marrow and peripheral circulation. The onset is sudden with discernible complications.​

Question 23

chronic leukemias

Answer 23

have a higher percentage of mature cells in the bone marrow and circulation but with reduced functionality. The onset is gradual, with no symptoms for the first few years. Once chronic leukemia is diagnosed, individuals have a better prognosis.​

Question 24

what are the signs of acute inflammation

Answer 24

swelling, redness, pain, loss of function, and heat

Question 25

which immune chemical mediators contribute to the swellin associated with acute inflammation?

Answer 25

prostaglandins, histamine, kinins, leukotrienes

Question 26

clinical manifestations of systemic inflammation

Answer 26

mild fever (pyrexia), malaise, fatigue, headache, anorexia

Question 27

what is the chemical mediator of chronic inflammation

Answer 27

cytokinins

Question 28

scar tissue is _____ and tends to _____ over time, which can result in _____

Answer 28

nonelastic, shrink, complications

Question 29

which immune cells are activated first when suspicious cells are identified in the blod stream

Answer 29

B cells

Question 30

antigens

Answer 30

any foreign substance that initiates an immune response

Question 31

antibodies

Answer 31

proteins produces by a humoral response to bind with a specific antigen

Question 32

macrophage

Answer 32

cells that present antigens to lymphocytes to initiate specific immune responses

Question 33

complement system

Answer 33

a group of inactive chemical mediators that, when activated, stimulate the release of other chemicals

Question 34

lymphocytes

Answer 34

cells that provide humoral (B lymphocytes) and cell-mediated (T lymphocytes) immunity

Question 35

chemical mediators

Answer 35

includes kinins, histamine, prostaglandins, and chemotactic factors

Question 36

innate immunity

Answer 36

nonspecific, fast response (0-4 hours)

Question 37

adaptive immunity

Answer 37

specific, slow response (4-14 days)

Question 38

what is the chemical mediator released from mast cells and basophils during an allergic reaction?

Answer 38

histamine

Question 39

type 1 hypersensitivity

Answer 39

hay fever, anaphylaxis, food allergies

IgE, produced by B lymphocytes, binds to mast cells and releases histamine

Question 40

type 2 hypersensitivity

Answer 40

incompatible blood transfusion and RH factor incompatibility

IgM or IgG

Question 41

type 3 hypersensitivity

Answer 41

autoimmune disorders, lupus, RA, etc

antigen-antibody complex deposits in the tissues and compliment is activated

Question 42

type 4 hypersensitivity

Answer 42

organ transplant rejection, contact dermatitis, positive TB skin test, latex allergies

antigen binds to T lymphocyte and the sensitized lymphocyte releases lymphokines

Question 43

proliferation phase of wound healing

Answer 43

scab

Question 44

remodeling phase of wound healing

Answer 44

collagen fiber remodeling and scar contraction