weeks 1-2 Flashcards
metaplasia
replacement of a mature cell with another type of mature cell
dysplasia
change in teh size, shape, and reproduction of cells
anaplasia
cells that are undifferentiated, have variable cell structures, and many miotic figures
Example: aggressive tumors with rapid proliferation
which intracellular functions are negatively impacted by hypoxia?
cell membrane, energy production, sodium-potassium pump, pH balance
abnormal metabolies
accumulation of toxic compounds inside the cells leading to destruciton
which hormone is associated with stress?
glucocorticoids
what does norepinephrine do during stress response
causes pallor and nausea
what does epinephrine do during stress response
increases heart rate and force of contraction
what do glucocorticoids do during stress response
decreases anti-inflammatory response and depresses immune response
signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion
dizziness, fainting, intense thirst, excessive sweating, rapid weak pulse, nausea, vomiting, pale cold clammy skin, muscle cramps, fatigue
signs and symptoms of heat stroke
headache, confusion, elevated body temp, no sweating, rapid strong pulse, nausea, vomiting, red hot skin, may lose consciousness
early signs and symptoms of cancer include
persistent cough, bloody sputum, wheezing, and fatigue
grade 1 tumors
cells and tissue look very similar to healthy cells and tissue. These are well-differentiated and considered low grade
grade 2 tumors
cells and tissue are somewhat abnormal and are called moderately differentiated. these are intermediate grade tumors
grade 3 tumors
cancer cells and tissue look very abnormal. these cancers are considered poorly differentiated, since they no longer have architectural structure or patter. these are considered high grade tumors
grade 4 tumors
these undifferentiated cancers have the most abnormal looking cells and are the highest grade. they typically grow and spread faster than lower grade tumors
primary tumor (T)
TX: Main tumor cannot be measured.
T0: Main tumor cannot be found.
T(is), or T in situ: The tumor is still within the confines of the normal glands and cannot metastasize.
T1, T2, T3, T4: Refers to the size and/or extent of the main tumor. The higher the number after the T, the larger the tumor or the more it has grown into nearby tissues. T’s may be further divided to provide more detail, such as T3a and T3b.
regional lymph nodes (N)
Lymphatic fluid transports immune system cells throughout the body. Lymph nodes are small bean-shaped structures that help move this fluid. Cancer often first spreads to and through nearby lymph nodes.
NX: Cancer in nearby lymph nodes cannot be measured.
N0: There is no cancer in nearby lymph nodes.
N1, N2, N3: Refers to the number and location of lymph nodes that contain cancer. The higher the number after the N, the more lymph nodes that contain cancer.
distant metastesis (M)
Metastasis is the spread of cancer to other parts of the body.
MX: Metastasis cannot be measured.
M0: Cancer has not spread to other parts of the body.
M1: Cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
what does the TNM asses?
tumor size, spread to lymph nodes, and metastasis to stage malignant tumors
what is leukemia
a group of blood cancers that usually begin in the bone marrow and results in many abnormal blood cells. A genetic mutation causes the precursor blood cells to lose their ability to differentiate into mature blood cells. The blast cells are stuck in this undifferentiated stage and don’t function effectively.
Next, these immature blast cells divide uncontrollably and take up space in the bone marrow, crowding out the healthy cells. The competing immature and “healthy” mature cells fight for space and nutrition
the rapidly growing white blood cells suppress the production of other cells, resulting in anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia
acute leukemias
have many undifferentiated, nonfunctioning cells in the bone marrow and peripheral circulation. The onset is sudden with discernible complications.
chronic leukemias
have a higher percentage of mature cells in the bone marrow and circulation but with reduced functionality. The onset is gradual, with no symptoms for the first few years. Once chronic leukemia is diagnosed, individuals have a better prognosis.
what are the signs of acute inflammation
swelling, redness, pain, loss of function, and heat
