pneumonia Flashcards
where in the lungs does pneumonia attack?
alveoli
pneumonia may be developed by
fungus, bacteria, or viruses
most common causes of viral pneumonia
COVID-19, flu, RSV, HPIVS
most common causes of bacterial pneumonia
streptococcus pneumonia, mycoplasma pneumoniae, legionella
most common cause of fungal pneumonia
pneumocystis pneumonia, coccidioidomycosis (valley fever), histoplasmosis
most common cause of parasitic pneumonia
ascaris, toxoplasmosis
what is empiric treatment?
it means to predict the cause, treat, and adapt based on the client response or new information
how is bacterial pneumonia acquired?
-community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)
-ventilator-acquired pneumonia VAP
-hospital-acquired pneumonia HAP
-aspiration pneumonia
viral pneumonia symptoms may start with
muscle aches, headache, nausea and vomiting, dry cough, weakness
pneumonia symptoms
cough(discolored sputum), shortness of breath, sharp pain at the site of inflammation, fever, chills, loss of energy or appetite, not feeling well (malaise)
pneumonia signs
decreased oxygen sat., fever, increased pule rate, increased BP, abnormal chest x-ray, abnormal lung sounds, lymph node enlargement
how is bacterial pneumonia tested?
taking a sample from sputum and growing in petri dish
how is viral pneumonia tested?
testing is limited to most common causes. PCR tests
how is fungal pneumonia tested?
measuring IgM and IgG
how is parasitic pneumonia tested?
rare and only tested once all other causes are ruled out. testing of blood, urine, sputum, and stool
treatment for pneumonia
-frequent deep breaths and coughin
-increase fluid intake
-meds: analgesics, antipyretics, antihistimine, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants
advanced pneumonia treatment
-chest physiotherapy
-small volume nebulizer
-proning
-high-flow oxygen
-artificial ventilation
0extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)
pneumonia prevention
frequent hand washing, social distancing, vaccines, good air filtration, PPE
who is at high risk for pneumonia
-65+
-declining or poor kidney function
-low BP(systolic below 90)
-tachypnea
-hypothermic
-abnormal heart rate (Below 50 or more than 100)
-needing assistance with breathing
where does lobar pneumonia take place?
all of one or two lobes
what causes lobar pneumonia?
streptcoccus pneumoniae
what is the pathophysiology of lobar pneumonia?
-inflammation of alveolar wall and leakage of cells, fibrin, and fluid into alveoli causing consolidation
-pleura may be inflamed
what is the onset of lobar pneumonia
sudden and acute
what are the signs of lobar pneumonia?
-high fever
-chills
-productive cough with rusty sputum
-rales progressing to absence of breath sounds in affected lobes
