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Pathophysiology > week 3-5 > Flashcards

week 3-5 Flashcards

1
Q

hypoventilation (shallow breathing), pneumothorax, pneumonia, pulmonaary edema, tumors, airway obstruction

A

respiratory acidosis

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2
Q

(too much acid or loss of bicarb).
loss of bicarb: diarrhea
too much acid: high potassium(retains acid), medications (aspirn overdose), diabetic ketoacidosis, kidney failure

A

metabolic acidosis

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3
Q

hyperventilation (deep breathing), hypoxemia, kussmauls respirations, incorrect ventilator settings, anxiety/panic attack

A

respiratory alkalosis

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4
Q

(too much bicarb or loss of acid)
loss of acid: vomiting, low potassium (removes acid)
too much base: antacid overdose, sodium bicarbonate, thiazide diuretics

A

metabolic alkalosis

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5
Q

manifestations of hypovalemia

A

weight loss, hypotension, tachycardia (weak pulse), tachypnea (fast breathing), neuro changes, thirsty, dry, poor skin turgor, sunken eyeballs, concentrated labs, flattened neck veins, cool clammy or flushed warm skin

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6
Q

manifestations of hypervolemia

A

weight gain, increased thirst, tachycardia (strong pulse), tachypnea (fast breathing), neuro changes, edema (second spacing), ascites (third spacing), diluted labs, jugular vein distension, skin pallor, cool to touch, shortness of breath, crackles in lungs

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7
Q

causes of hypovolemia

A

GI losses: vomiting, ng suction, diarrhea, decreased thirst
Dehydration: decreased intake, aging, illness
Emergency losses: hemorrhage, burns, diabetes insipidus, diuretics, diaphoresis (excessive sweating), diabetic ketoacidosis

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8
Q

causes of hypervolemia

A

GI gains: too much water, too much salt, increased thirst
Overhydration: water intoxication, too much IV fluids
Organ failure: hear, liver, kidney
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
Medications: corticosteroids

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9
Q

hypoxia

A

not enough oxygen

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10
Q

hypoxemia

A

not enough oxygen in the blood

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11
Q

ischemia

A

poor perfusion to the tissue/organ

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12
Q

risk factors for poor perfusion

A

Conditions: atherosclerotic heart disease, hypertension, dyslipedmia, poorly controlled diabetes
Age
Tobacco use
Alcohol misuse
Genetic

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13
Q

stages of atherolsclerosis

A
  1. Normal artery
  2. Endothelial disfunction
  3. Fatty Streak formation
  4. Stable fibrous plaque formation
  5. Unstable plaque formation
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14
Q

perfusion

A

as the blood reaches the tissue, it surrounds the cells within the capillary beds in preparations to deliver nutrients and oxygen

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15
Q

Coronary artery disease risk factors

A

diabetes, obesity, high cholesterol, HBP, excessive stress, excess smoking
Hereditary, menopause, ethnicity, age, gender

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16
Q

manifestations of coronary artery disease

A

chest pain, palpitations, dyspnea, unconciousness, lips dark green, ECG adnormalities, swelling, shortness of breath

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17
Q

types of fat that travel through the bloodstream

A

lipids

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18
Q

a fatty substance produced by the liver that travels through the bloodstream

A

cholesterol

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19
Q

main type of lipids in the blood that provides energy to the body

A

triglycerides

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20
Q

occurs when the lipids concentrations in the bloodstream are higher than normal

A

hyperlipidemia

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21
Q

coronary angiogram

A

It monitors blockage and flow of blood through the coronary arteries. It uses X-rays to detect dye injected via cardiac catheterization

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22
Q

blood tests for COD

A

HDL, LDL, CRP

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23
Q

list the order of atherosclerosis occuring in the arteries

A

high cholesterol, endothelial dysfunction, fatty streak formation, stable plaque formation

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24
Q

what type of cardiac dysrhythmia? the conduction system is disrupted and electrical signals move erratically around the atria

A

atrial fibrulation (A-fib)

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25
Q

what type of cardiac dysrhythmia? it is caused when electrical impulses begin in a different spot inside the atria instead of the SA node and the impulse begins to travel through the atria in a circuit (a closed loop)

A

atrial flutter

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26
Q

what type of cardiac dysrhythmia? the conduction system is disrupted and electrical signals move erratically around the ventricles

A

ventricular fibrulation

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27
Q

what type of cardiac dysrhythmia? the conduction system is disrupted and causes the ventricles to beat quickly and not in harmony with the atria (upper chambers)

A

ventricular tachycardia

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28
Q

types of tachycardia

A

atrial fibrulation, atrial flutter, supraventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrulation, ventricular tachycardia

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29
Q

types of bradycardia

A

sick sinus syndrom, conduction block

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30
Q

cardiac dysrhythmias symptoms

A

Brain: dizziness, syncope, lightheadedness
Heart: chest pain, palpitations, fluttering
Lung: Shortness of breath, rapid breathing

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31
Q

Out of the different types of cardiac dysrhythmias, which type can lead to death if a normal heart rhythm is not restored within minutes?

A

ventricular fibrilation

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32
Q

which blood components form together to cause thrombi?

A

platelets, RBC’s, fibrin

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33
Q

which conditions are caused by clot formation and blockage of a blood vessel?

A

deep vein thrombosis, myocardial infarction, cerebral vascular accident

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34
Q

risk factors for blood clots

A

certain medications (oral contraceptives), sitting or lying in bed for extended periods of time, cancer or infection, tobacco use, inherited clotting abnormalities, trauma or surgery

35
Q

what is fibrinolysis?

A

the process in which clots dissolve in the body during the healing phase of clotting

36
Q

clot initiation

A

Platelet aggregation
Activation of coagulation

37
Q

Clot formation

A

Thrombin
Fibrinogen
Fibrin
Fibrin polymers
Retraction

38
Q

fibrinolysis

A

fibrin fragments

39
Q

what is hypocoagulation?

A

when the body is unable to clot to stop bleeding

40
Q

what is hypercoagulation?

A

excessive clotting that can impair blood flow

41
Q

what are the blood clotting conditions?

A

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
Pulmonary embolism
Ischemic stroke
Hemorrhagic stroke
Myocardial infarction
Kidney failure

42
Q

maifestations of DVT

A

warmth and tenderness over the vein, pain or swelling in teh part of the body affected, skin redness

43
Q

clinical manifestations of pulmonary embolism

A

shortness of breath, chest pain, coughin up blood, symptoms often absent

44
Q

clinical manifestations of ischemic stroke

A

sudden numbness or weaknessin face arm or leg (especially on one side of the body), sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding speech, sudden trouble seeing in one eye or both, sudden trouble walking, dizziness, or loss of balance or coordination, sudden severe headache with no known cause

45
Q

clinical manifestations of a hemorrhagic stroke

A

sudden numbness or weakness of the face arm or leg, sudden confusion or trouble speaking, sudden trouble walking, dizziness, or loss of balance or coordination, sudden severe headache with no known cause

46
Q

clinical manifestations of myocardial infarction

A

chest discomfort (pressure, squeezing, fullness, or pain), shortness of breath, discomfort in the upper boddy (arms, back, shoulders, neck, jaw, or stomach)

47
Q

clinical manifestations of kidney failure

A

fluid retention, fatigue, blood in urine, shortness of breath, HBP, nausea, drowsiness, ease of bruising, changes in urination

48
Q

prevention of hypercoagulation

A

drink plenty of fluids, avoid crossing legs, ambulate frequently, avoid prolonged sitting, avoid smoking, report symptoms of circulation problems

49
Q

prevention of hypocoagulation

A

report unusual bleeding or bruising immediately, avoid contact sports or activities that are high risk for injuries

50
Q

clot formation process

A
  1. The blood vessel wall is damaged activating coagulation factors
  2. platelets aggregate at the site of damage
  3. platelets release fibrin
  4. fibrin creates a mesh that traps blood cells to creat a clot (thrombosis) that stops bleeding
  5. the fibrin shortens (retracts) sealing damaged tissues
51
Q

where is a pulmonary embolus located?

A

right pulmonary artery

52
Q

where is peripheral vascular disease located?

A

right femoral artery

53
Q

where is deep vein thrombosis located?

A

right great saphenous vein

54
Q

where is a coronary myocardial infarction located?

A

left anterior descending coronary artery

55
Q

where is a cerebral vascular accident (stroke) located?

A

middle cerebral artery

56
Q

what is caused by a clot that blocks the blood from draining from the venous sinuses?

A

hemorrhagic stroke

57
Q

stroke volume

A

the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle of the heart in 1 heart contraction

58
Q

cardiac output

A

the amont of blood the heart pumps in 1 minute.
Normal is 4-8L/min

59
Q

equation for cardiac output

A

SV x HR = CO

60
Q

memory trick for cardiac output

A

Cardiac OUTput = O2 blood OUT to the body

61
Q

preload

A

the filling and stretching of the ventricles myocardium (heart muscle) right before contraction (pump)

62
Q

afterload

A

the amount of resistance that the heart has to overcome to eject the blood out of the ventricles & into the systemic circulation (the blood vessels). also known as systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

63
Q

pulomanary circulation

A

the movement of blood between the heart and lungs. Deoxygenated blod is transported through the right side of the heart and into the lungs to absorb oxygen(O2) and release carbon dioxide (CO2)

64
Q

systemic circulation

A

the movement of oxygen rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body through the arteries and back to the heart via the veins

65
Q

coronary circulation

A

supplies oxygen rich blood to the myocardium (heart muscles) via the coronary arteries

66
Q

myoglobin

A

Enzyme that shows any damage to the muscle tissue including myocardial necrosis

67
Q

creatine kinase

A

enzyme that increases 3-4 hours after a heart attack

68
Q

ROMI panel

A

cardiac enzymes takedn after a heart attack
Troponin
Myoglobulin
CK-MB

69
Q

causes of DVT

A

smoking, sitting too long, pregnancy, diabetes, high cholesterol, chronic HBP

70
Q

signs of impaired clotting

A

bruising, petechiae, purpura, hematuria, hematemesis, bleeding gums

71
Q

manifestations of left-sided congestive heart failure is________ and right-sided failure is __________

A

shortness of breath and orthopnea/ edema of the legs and ankles

72
Q

p wave

A

activation of the atria

73
Q

qrs complex

A

activation of the ventricles

74
Q

t wave

A

repolarization of the ventricles

75
Q

what happens if you have hypermagnesemia

A

muscles are too relaxed
decreased DTR
respiratory arrest

76
Q

what happens if you have hypomagnesemia?

A

muscles are excitied!
increased DTR
seizures
tachycardia

77
Q

what happens if you have hyperphosphatemia?

A

muscle excited!
tetany

78
Q

what happens if you have hypophosphatemia?

A

muscles are too relaxed
weakness
respiratory failure

79
Q

what happens if you have hyperkalemia?

A

paralysis
tall peaked t waves
diarrhea

80
Q

what happens if you have hypokalemia?

A

parethesias (pins and needles)
flattened t waves
u waves
constipation

81
Q

what happens with hypercalcemia?

A

decreased muscle contraction
constipation
QT shortening

82
Q

what happens with hypocalcemia?

A

excess muscle contraction
diarrhea
muscle spasms
tetanu
trouseau sign
seizures
QT prolongation

83
Q

what happens to you with hypernatremia?

A

thirst
dry, flushed skin

84
Q

what happens to you with hyponatremia?

A

muscle cramps
confusion
weakness

Pathophysiology (20 decks)

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