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LSCI230 > week12C2 : host defenses > Flashcards

week12C2 : host defenses Flashcards

1
Q

***the MAC causes lysis of ______ and has no effect on ____

A

gram - and as no effect on gram positive

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2
Q

____ are often called polymorphonuclear leucocytes

A

granulocytes

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3
Q

what are the granules in the granulocytes

A

small endosomes and lysosomes containing hydrolytic enzymes

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4
Q

where are located the oxidative enzymes in the granulocytes

A

in the phagosomes.

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5
Q

** what are the two cells that carry primarly the phagocytosis

A

the neutrophiles (granulocytes) and macrophages (monocytes)

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6
Q

what is the protein of the MAC responsible for the binding with the membrane

A

the C7

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7
Q

what are the important enzymes of the ROS

A

myeloperoxidases, NADPH oxidase and V-type ATPase

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8
Q

what are the mechanisms in the second line of defense

A
  1. inflammation
  2. complement system
  3. phagocytes
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9
Q

what is the role of the complement system

A

induces the lysis in some of the gram - bacteria.

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10
Q

the ___ are more rapid for the phagocytosis

A

neutrophiles

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11
Q

which protein of the complement system is involved in the inflammation (histamine by mast cells)

A

the C3a

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12
Q

what is the role of the C3a blood protein

A

to trigger the release of histamine by the mast cells to increase the permeability of the blood vessels

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13
Q

what is the role of the C5a in the inflammation

A

to attract phagocytes to infected tissues

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14
Q

What is diapedesis ?

A

the passage of white blood cells into the cell walls .

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15
Q

what is the name of a fever producing molecule

A

a pyrogen

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16
Q

what is the tmeperature range of a fever ?

A

37 (normal) to 44 (death)

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17
Q

what are the leukocytes that senses the endotoxin lipid A

A

the macrophages

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18
Q

what cells produces a pyrogen

A

the macrophage, produces the interleukine-1 (cytokin)

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19
Q

what is the effect of the release of cytokines by macrophages?

A

fever and activation of phagocytes and other cells.

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20
Q

which one of those defenses is not part of the innate system :

  1. complement system
  2. fever
  3. antimicrobial proteins
  4. phagocytes
  5. lymphoid precursor cells
A
  1. lymphoid cells (contain the T cells and the B cells)
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21
Q

*** what is the trigger of the adaptive defense system

A

foreign antigens

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22
Q

define what is tolerance in regards to the immune cells

A

the receptor for the antigene is generated during the development of the T and B cells

23
Q

what is the role of the T helper cells

A

to activate the B cells and the macrophages and mediate inflammation

24
Q

what is the role of the cytotoxic T cell

A

to kill the host cells that display a foreign antigen

25
Q

What is the role of the APC

A

antigen presenting cells to the T cells. The Th cell will become acitvated and produce interleukin 2 and produces inflammation

26
Q

What is the most common APC

A

dendritic cells

27
Q

where are located the T and B cells

A

in the lymph nodes

28
Q

Which one of T cells recognize the MHCI receptor on the APC

A

cytotoxic T cell

29
Q

Which one of the T cells recognize the MHCII on the APC

A

the T helper cell

30
Q

what does MHC stands for

A

major histocompability complex (MHC)

31
Q

***what are the type of cells that have the MHCII

A

The APCs and the B cells. Can’t be found in other cells.

32
Q

what are the main type of professional APC

A

macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells

33
Q

**what are the cells that express the MHCI

A

all cells that have been infected (viruse or intracell pathogens. The antigen comes from the inside.

34
Q

what is the origin of the antigens in the case of B cells and APC cells presenting the MHCII

A

the antigens come from the phagocytosis of a microorganisms.

35
Q

what does the Tc cells release to kill the cells that have the antigen on the MHCI complex

A

granzymes and perforins.

36
Q

____ (Tc or Th) are very effective in the infection by viruses and intracellular pathogens

A

Tc

37
Q

What are angry killer cells

A

activated macrophages that have an increased phagocytic activity and that produces much higher levels of hydrolytic enzymes

38
Q

how are the B cells activated?

A

by the release of cytokines by the Th cells previously activated by APC cells in response to the presenting of antigen on the MHCII complex on the B cell

39
Q

what happens when a B cell is activated by a Th cell

A

differnetiation into plasma cells (makes more antibodies) and production of memory cells (expression of the antibody at it’s surface)

40
Q

what are the two region of the antibodies

A

Fab : antigen binding region that is highly variable

Fc : macrophage receptor binding region that is constant

41
Q

what is the other name of the antibodies

A

immunoglobulins

42
Q

what is the major circulating antibody

A

IgG

43
Q

T or F : the antibodies are only part of the adaptive defense system

A

false, can be part of the innate because it can help in the activation of the complement system

44
Q

what is the antibody found in primarly in mucous and extracellular secretory body fluids

A

IgA

45
Q

What is the antibody that is the first to appear and help in the early complement activation

A

IgM

46
Q

What is the antibody that is the least abbundant and has the major role in food allergies

A

IgE

47
Q

How can antibodies help in neutralizing the toxins

A

they bind the toxins and prevent it to come into contact with cells

48
Q

What are opsonins?

A

any molecules are increase the phagocytosis

49
Q

T or F : the antibodies acts as opsonins

A

true, opsonin = molecule that increase the phagocytosis

50
Q

which one of the antibody is implicated in the primary response

A

IgM

51
Q

which one of the antibody is implicated in the secondary response

A

IgG

52
Q

what are the two types of adaptive (acquired) immunity

A

active and passive

53
Q

what is the passive acquired immunity

A

involves the acquisition of antibodies or antigen reactive T cell (by milk from mother for natural or by injection of immune animal serum is artificial)

54
Q

what is the active acquired immunity

A

involves the production of memory cells in response to antigenic stimulus

LSCI230 (20 decks)

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