W3-lecture 1: Metabolism and energy

Question 1

What is catabolism?

Answer 1

generation of energy (ATP) and reducing power (NADH) from nutrients. By‐products of catabolism may be used as precursor molecules for anabolism.

Question 2

What is anabolism?

Answer 2

production of macromolecules and chemicals from “building blocks” and energy (ATP). Reducing power is provided by NADH.

Question 3

Which four chemical elements make up the bulk of a cell’s dry weight?

Answer 3

COHN

Question 4

What are the essential chemical elements for all microorganism?

Answer 4

COHNPSSe

Question 5

What is a definied culture medium?

Answer 5

defined means that we know exactly what is in the culture media of the bacteria and we know each of the quantities

Question 6

What is a complex culture medium?

Answer 6

in the complex culture medium, we don’t know what exactly what is there and what are the quantities.

Question 7

What is a fastidious organism?

Answer 7

it needs a lot of nutrient for its growth. Know this term because it makes a good exam question.

Question 8

What is the most important thing for all the culutre medium?

Answer 8

water

Question 9

T or F : the presence of en enzyme reduces the free energy.

Answer 9

false, it only affects the rate of the reaction

Question 10

Does glucose formation from the elements release or require energy?

Answer 10

require energy. (anabolism)

Question 11

Question 12

Oxidation is the _____ of electrons while reduction is the _____ of electron

Answer 12

oxidation : removal
reduction : addition

Question 13

The _____ form will give it’s electron while the ___ form will gain electrons.

Answer 13

The reduced form will give it’s electron while the oxidized form will gain electrons.

Question 14

The couple at the top of the redox tower want to ____ electrons while the couples at the bottom want to ____ electron

Answer 14

top : give
bottom : gain

Question 15

In the reaction H2+12O2→H2O, what is the electron donor and what is the electron acceptor?

Answer 15

H2 is electron donor, the O2 is the electron accpetor.

Question 16

Why is nitrate (NO−3) a better electron acceptor than fumarate?

Answer 16

because lower on the redox tower.

Question 17

Is NADH a better electron donor than H2? Is NAD+ a better acceptor than 2 H+? How does the figure tell you this?

Answer 17

H2 is a better donor than NADH because higer on the redox tower. NAD+ is a better a better acceptor because lower on the redox tower.

Question 18

T or F : NAD+ can accept 2 electrons and one proton.or 2 electrons or 2 protons.

Answer 18

T

Question 19

T or P : in ATP there is two anhydrides bonds and one ester bond.

Answer 19

T. These bonds are high in energy.

Question 20

T or F : phosphoenolpyruvate has more energy G0 per mole than ATP.

Answer 20

True because it is a smaller molecule and has one anhydride bond.

Question 21

Name the three bonds seen in class that are high in energy.

Answer 21

Ester, thioester and anhydride.

Question 22

In most organisms, three basic catabolic pathways are all that is required to produce all of the precursors (carbon compounds and energy) needed for anabolism: name these pathway.

Answer 22

– Glycolytic pathway (glycolysis, Embden‐Meyerhof pathway).

– Pentose phosphate pathway (hexose monophosphate pathway)

– Tricarboxylic acid pathway (TCA; citric acid cycle, Krebs cycle)

Question 23

What is oxidative phosphorylation**?

Answer 23

in the oxidative phosphorylation, we have an energized membrane (+ outside and - inside) and this charge difference can be used to create ATP.

Question 24

What is the substrate-level-phosphorylation?

Answer 24

here we have a substrate that is phosphorylated to make it a high energy molecule and then this energy can be used to produce ATP.

Question 25

What are the two possibilities of the ATP synthesis?

Answer 25

Fermentation and respiration

Question 26

What are the differences between fermentation and respiration for :

1. ATP production
2. electrons

Answer 26

1. ATP is produced has susbtrate level phosphorylation in fermentation while it is produced has oxidative phosphorylation in the case of respiration
2. Electron donors are organic compounds in the two cases but in the case of respiration, the final electron acceptor is O2 or substitute.

Question 27

what is the final product of the glycolytic pathway?

Answer 27

Pyruvate

Question 28

How is ATP produced in the glycolytic pathway?

Answer 28

Substrate level phosphorylation

Question 29

How much ATP is produced in the glycolytic pathway? And how much NADH ?

Answer 29

2 ATP and 2 NADH

Question 30

Question 31

What is the molecule that needs to be regenerated by anapleurotic pathway or else the TCA will stop.

Answer 31

oxaloacetate

Question 32

T or F: no ATP is produced directly by the TCA cycle

Answer 32

True, only GTP and reducing power that will be used to produce ATP by the electron transport chain

Question 33

How much CO2, GTP, NADH and FADH2 is produced in the TCA cycle

Answer 33

– 2 CO2

– 1 GTP (ATP)

– 3 NADH

– 1 FADH2

Question 34

IMPORTANT : The process that uses the energy produced by respiration to synthesize ATP is called

______

Answer 34

oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 35

Question 36

What is the net yield energy of respiration?

Answer 36

38 ATP (with the glycolysis 8ATP and the TCA cycle 30 ATP)

Question 37

What is the formula of the proton motor force? What are the components of that formula?

Answer 37

Question 38

T or F : if the microorganism don’t do oxidative phosphorylation, you don’t need ATPase

Answer 38

False, because they are revirsble, so they can be used to generate of proton motor force

Question 39

T or F : In fermentation, an organic compound serves as the electron donor and an organic degradation product serves as the finalacceptor of electrons.

Answer 39

True, the final electron acceptor is lactate.

Question 40

T or F : when there is oxygen, the yeast and e.coli will grow at the same rate to when oxygen is not available

Answer 40

False, fatser when oxygen is available.