Week 9 - Respiratory System Flashcards
Define respiratory tract
Conducting portion, from nasal cavity to larger bronchioles
Define pharynx
Chamber shared by digestive and respiratory systems
Extends between choanae and entrances to larynx and esophagus
Function of the nose
Air enters through nostrils (nares), passes into nasal vestibule
How is sound produced
- Air passing through glottis vibrates vocal folds
Define phonation and articulation
Phonation - sound production with larynx
Articulation - sound modification with lips, tongue, teeth
Define bronchodilation
- Caused by sympathetic activation
- Enlarges luminal diameter of airway
Define bronchoconstriction
- Reduces luminal diameter of airway
- Cause by allergic reaction and parasympathetic system
Define asthma
Excessive stimulation of smooth muscles
Define pulmonary embolism
a blocked branch of pulmonary artery that stops blood to lobules or alveoli
Two pleura layers?
- Parietal pleura (lines inner surface of thoracic wall)
2. Visceral pleura (covers outer surface of lungs)
Define hypoxia
low tissue oxygen levels
Define anoxia
Complete lack of oxygen in tissues
Define Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
physical movement of air into and out of respiratory tract
two primary respiratory muscles?
Diaphragm
External intercostals
Muscle used in exhalation
Internal intercostals
Define diaphragmatic and costal breathing
- Diaphragmatic breathing or deep breathing
- Costal breathing or shallow breathing
Define elastic rebound
When muscles of inhalation relax
Define hyperpnea
Forced breathing
Define intrapulmonary pressure
Difference from atmospheric pressure determines airflow
Define intrapleural pressure
Pressure in space between parietal and visceral pleurae
Define pneumothorax
- Air enters pleural cavity
- Due to injury
Define compliance
- A measure of expandability
- Lower compliance requires greater force to fill lungs
Define respiratory rate
Number of breathes per minute
Define tidal volume
Amount of air moved per breathe
Define anatomic dead space
Volume of air remaining in conducting passages
Define alveolar ventilation
- Amount of air reaching alveoli in each minute
- Calculated, respiratory rate x (tidal volume - anatomic dead space)
Define residual volume
amount of oxygen left in lung after max exhalation
Define partial pressure
Pressure contributed by a single gas in a mixture
Define oxyhemoglobin
When O2 binds to iron ions in hemoglobin molecules
Define hemoglobin saturation
Percentage of heme units containing bound oxygen at any given moment
function of respiratory centers
Regulate frequency and depth of pulmonary ventilation
Define apnea
period of suspended respiration
Function of inflation and deflation reflexes
Inflation - Prevents overexpansion of lungs
Deflation reflex - inhibits expiratory centers
