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Physiology > Week 13 - Reproductive System > Flashcards

Week 13 - Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Define Gonads

A

organs that produce gametes (reproductive cells) and hormones

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2
Q

Define Gametes

A

Reproductive cells

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3
Q

Define reproductive tract

A
  • Includes all chambers and passageways that connect ducts to exterior of body
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4
Q

Gonad, gamete, sex hormone for males

A

Gonad = Testes
Gamete = sperm
Sex hormone = androgens

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5
Q

Gonad, gamete for females

A 
Gonad = Ovaries 
Gamete = oocyte
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6
Q

Major functions of male accessory glands

A
  • Activate sperm
    • Provide nutrients sperm need for motility
    • Propel sperm and fluids along reproductive tract
      Produce buffers
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7
Q

Define mitosis

A

Cell division that produces two diploid daughter cells

- identical numbers and pairs of chromosomes

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8
Q

Define meiosis

A
  • Special form of cell division involved only in production of gametes
    • Produce four haploid gametes, each with 23 chromosomes
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9
Q

Define reduction division

A

reduces number of chromosomes from diploid (46) to haploid (23), Both cells contain 23 chromosomes with two chromatids each

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10
Q

Define spermatogenesis, and its 3 steps

A

Process of sperm production

  1. mitosis
  2. meiosis
  3. spermiogenesis
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11
Q

Define spermatids

A

Immature gametes

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12
Q

At the end of meiosis 1, what are the daughter cells called

A

Secondary spermatocytes

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13
Q

What happens to the daughter cells as they enter meiosis 2

A
  • As they enter meiosis 2, they yield from two cells to four haploid spermatids
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14
Q

Define spermiogenesis

A
  • Last step of spermatogenesis

- Each spermatids matures into one sperm

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15
Q

Function of nurse (Sertoli) cells

A
  • Maintenance of blood testis barrier
    • Support of mitosis and meiosis
    • Support of spermiogenesis
    • Secretion of inhibin
    • Secretion of androgen-binding protein (ADP)
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16
Q

Two steps of capacitation

A
  1. Sperm become motile
    • When mixed with secretions of seminal glands
      2. Sperm become capable of fertilisation
    • When exposed to female reproductive tract
17
Q

2 male reproductive hormones that are released in response to - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A
  1. Follicle - stimulating hormone (FSH)

2. Luteinizing hormone (LH)

18
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone function

A
  • Controls rates of secretion of FSH and LH, testosterone
19
Q

Inhibin function

A
  • Inhibits FSH production
    • Suppresses secretion of GnRH
    • Faster rates of sperm production
20
Q

Luteinizing hormone function

A
  • Targets interstitial endocrine cells of testes
21
Q

What is some testosterone converted to?

A

dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

22
Q

3 main ovary functions

A
  1. Production of immature female gametes (oocytes)
    1. Secretion of female sex hormones (estrogens and progesterone)
    2. Secretion of inhibin
23
Q

Define and function uterine tubes

A
  • Hollow muscular tubes about 13cm long

- Transport oocyte to uterus

24
Q

Functions of the uterus

A
  • Mechanical protection
    • Nutritional support
    • Waste removal
25
Q

Uterus layers

A

Endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium (Inner to outer)

26
Q

Define oogonia and function

A

female reproductive stem cells

- produce primary oocytes

27
Q

What occurs during oogenesis

A
  • Cytoplasm of primary oocyte divides unevenly, producing one secondary oocyte and two or three polar bodies that disintegrate
    • Ovary releases secondary oocyte
28
Q

Define ovarian follicles

A
  • Specialised structures in cortex of ovaries, where oocyte growth and meiosis 1 occur
29
Q

2 phases of the ovarian cycle

A
  1. Follicular phase

2. Luteal phase

30
Q

Define corona radiata

A

granulosa cells that remain associated with secondary oocyte

31
Q

During follicular phase, oocyte and its follicular cells project into what?

32
Q

What happens to cholesterol during luteal phase?

A

Converted to progesterone

33
Q

3 phases in the uterine or period cycle

A
  1. Menstrual phase
    1. Proliferative phase
    2. Secretory phase
34
Q

What occurs during menstraul phase

A
  • Degeneration of endometrial functional layer

- Caused by constriction of spiral arteries

35
Q

Proliferative phase?

A
  • Epithelial cells of uterine glands, multiply and spread across endometrial surface, restore integrity of uterine epithelium
    • Completely restore functional layer
36
Q

Secretory phase?

A

Uterine glands enlarge, increasing rates of secretion

37
Q

Define diploid

A

a cell or nucleus containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent

38
Q

Define haploid

A

a cell or nucleus having a single set of unpaired chromosomes

Physiology (12 decks)

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