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Physiology > Week 11 - Urinary System > Flashcards

Week 11 - Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

4 organs of the urinary system

A

Kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

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2
Q

Functions of the urinary system

A

Excretion
Elimination
Homeostatic regulation

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3
Q

Through what blood vessel does the kidneys receive blood

A

Renal artery

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4
Q

2 sympathetic innervations

A
  • Adjusts rate of urine formation

- Influences urine composition

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5
Q

Define nephrons

A

Microscopic functional units of kidneys

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6
Q

three metabolic wastes

A

urea
creatine
Uric acid

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7
Q

kidneys function

A

concentration filtrate

Reabsorption and retention of valuable materials

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8
Q

Basic process of urine formation

A

Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion

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9
Q

2 factors that govern glomerular filtration

A

Hydrostatic pressure

Colloid osmotic pressure

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10
Q

Define glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)

A

Blood pressure in glomerular capillaries

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11
Q

Function of Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CsHP)

A
  • Opposes glomerular hydrostatic pressure

- Pushes water and solutes out of filtrate

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12
Q

Define net hydrostatic pressure

A
  • Difference between glomerular hydrostatic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure
    GHP - CsHP = NHP
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13
Q

Define colloid osmotic pressure

A

Pressure due to materials in solution

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14
Q

Glomerular filtration rate

A

125 mL/min

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15
Q

3 methods of GFR regulation

A
  1. Autoregulation (local level)
    1. Hormonal regulation (initiated by kidneys)
    2. Autonomic regulation (by sympathetic division of ANS)
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16
Q

What protein is released at the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)

17
Q

Solutes that enter the capsular space

A
  1. Metabolic wastes and excess ions

2. Glucose, free fatty acids, amino acids and vitamins

18
Q

Reabsorption and secretion involve what 4 factors

A
  • Diffusion
    • Osmosis
    • Leak channels
    • Carrier - mediated transport
19
Q

Define transport maximum (T m)

A

If nutrient concentrations rise tubular fluid, reabsorption rates increase until carrier proteins are saturated

20
Q

Define renal threshold

A

Plasma concentration at which a specific compound or ion begins to appear in urine

21
Q

Functions of proximal convoluted tubule

A 
Reabsorption of organic nutrients 
Active reabsorption of ions
Reabsorption of water 
Passive reabsorption of ions 
Secretion
22
Q

Function of descending limb of nephron looop

A
  • Freely permeable to water but not to solutes

Reabsorbs sodium and chloride

23
Q

Function of ascending limb of nephron loop

A
  • Impermeable to water

- Passively and actively removes sodium and chloride ions

24
Q

three functions of the distal convoluted tubule

A

Active secretion of ions, drugs, acids and toxins into tubule
Selective reabsorption sodium and calcium ions
Selective reabsorption of water

25
Q

Define hypokalemia

A

Dangerous reduction in plasma potassium ion concentration

26
Q

Parathyroid hormone function

A

Regulates calcium ion reabsorption at DCT

27
Q

In response to acidosis

A

Ammonium ions are pumped into tubular fluid

28
Q

Define countercurrent multiplication

A

Exchange between fluids moving in opposite directions

29
Q

Water is reabsorbed where?

A

PCT

Descending limb

30
Q

When does water reabsorption occur

A

when osmotic concentration of peritubular fluid exceeds that of tubular fluid

31
Q

Function of Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Increases rate of osmotic water movement

32
Q

Define countercurrent exchange

A

Vasa recta returns reabsorbed solutes and water to general circulation

33
Q

Define ureters

A

Muscular tubes that extend from kidneys to urinary bladder

34
Q

Function of urethra

A
  • Transports urine from neck of urinary bladder to exterior of body
35
Q

Define incontinence

A

Inability to control urination voluntarily

Physiology (12 decks)

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