Week 12 - Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid - Base Balance Flashcards

1
Q

Define extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF)

A
ECF = Fluid outside cells 
ICF = Fluid (cytosol) inside cells
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2
Q

Volumes, solute concentrations are stabilised by 3 processes?

A

fluid balance
electrolyte balance
Acid - Base balance

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3
Q

Define fluid balance

A
  • Daily balance between amount of water gained and water lost to environment
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4
Q

4 fluids in ECF

A

Lymph
Cerebrospinal fluid
Synovial fluid
serous fluid

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5
Q

4 solute content of ECF

A
  • Electrolytes
    • Proteins
    • Nutrients
    • Wastes
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6
Q

Homestatic mechanisms alter ECF or ICF

A

ECF

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7
Q

3 primary hormones that regulate fluid and electrolyte balance

A
  • Antidiuretic hormone
    • Aldosterone
    • Natriuretic peptides
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8
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) function

A
  • Stimulates water conservation at kidneys

- Stimulates hypothalamic thirst center

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9
Q

Where is ADH released

A

Hypothalamus

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10
Q

Aldosterone function

A

Determines rate of sodium reabsorption and calcium loss in kidneys

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11
Q

Where and why is aldosterone secreted

A
  • Secreted by adrenal cortex in response to rising calcium or falling sodium level in blood
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12
Q

Where and why is natriuretic peptides released

A
  • Released by cardiac muscle cells in response to abnormal stretching of heart walls
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13
Q

Natriuretic peptide function

A
  • Reduce thirst

- Block release of ADH and aldosterone

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14
Q

Define Edema (Swelling)

A
  • Movement of abnormal amounts of water from plasma into interstitial fluid
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15
Q

Define lymphedema

A
  • Edema caused by blockage of lymphatic drainage
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16
Q

2 results of ECF osmotic concentration increasing

A
  1. Fluid becomes hypertonic to ICF

2. Water moves from cells to ECF

17
Q

2 results of ECF osmotic concentration decreasing

A
  1. Fluid becomes hypotonic to ICF

4. Water moves from ECF into cells

18
Q

Dehydration causes the osmotic concentration of ECF to rise or fall? where does water move to and from?

A
  • ECF osmotic concentration rises

- Water moves from ICF to ECF

19
Q

What 2 substances are secreted as a result of severe water loss?

A

ADH and renin

20
Q

What is the dominant cation in ECF? and cation for ICF

A
ECF = Sodium
ICF = Potassium
21
Q

Define Equivalent (Electrolyte balance)

A

amount of positive or negative ion that supplies 1 mole of electrical charge

22
Q

2 Disorders of sodium balance and their affects?

A

Hyponatremia
- Body water content rises (hyperhydration)
Hypernatremia
- Body water content declines

23
Q

2 Disorders of potassium imbalance

A

Hypokalemia
- Deficiency of potassium in bloodstream
Hyperkalemia
- Elevated level of potassium in bloodstream

24
Q

Define acidosis and alkalosis

A

Acidosis
- Physiological state resulting from abnormally low blood pH

Alkalosis
- Physiological state resulting from abnormally high blood pH

25
Q

3 types of acid in the body

A

Fixed
metabolic
volatile

26
Q

Define buffer

A
  • Dissolved compounds that stabilise Ph of solution by adding or removing hydrogen
27
Q

3 major buffer systems

A
  • Phosphate buffer system
    • Protein
    • Carbonic acid - bicarbonate
28
Q

Define renal compensation

A
  • Changes in rates of hydrogen and bi - carbonate secretion or reabsorption by kidneys
29
Q

Cause of respiratory acidosis and acute

A
  • Develops when respiratory system cannot eliminate all co2 generated by peripheral tissues

Acute = severe

30
Q

3 major causes of metabolic acidosis

A
  1. High production of fixed or metabolic acids
    1. Impaired hydrogen ion excretion at kidneys
      Severe bicarbonate ion loss