Week 9 Lecture

Question 1

Human born in the last century have a life expectancy of what?

Answer 1

A greater life expectancy over the last 100 years

Question 2

What is the predicted proportion of people aged 65 and over in 2097?

Answer 2

12.8 million, above 25% of the population are projected to be 65 or over

Question 3

Which gender tends to live longer?

Answer 3

women

Question 4

Which groups are disadvantaged older Australians for ageing?

Answer 4

• Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
• veterans
• people from rural or remote areas
• homeless
• LGBTI

Question 5

What are 5 factors which contribute to healthy ageing?

Answer 5

1. financial security
2. meaning and purpose
3. connectedness
4. physical health
5. resilience

Question 6

How many people die per day, and how many of these are due to ageing?

Answer 6

150 000 people per day and 2 thirds of this is due to ageing

Question 7

What are three factors which may affect the variability of ageing?

Answer 7

• genetics
• environment
• access to anti ageing therapies

Question 8

How might early life factors affect environmental ageing factors?

Answer 8

• physical and brain function in pregnancy and birth
• early life events
• illnesses
• education
• parenting

Question 9

What are mid life factors factors which affect environmental ageing?

Answer 9

• diet
• exercise
• high blood pressure
• diabetes
• heart disease
• obesity
• alcohol and drug use

Question 10

How many hours a week of physical exercise will apparently extend your life 3.4 years extra?

Answer 10

2.5 hours a week

Question 11

Which cell converts food into energy and declines as we get older (so that slowing this positively affects ageing)?

Answer 11

mitochondria cells

Question 12

What type of exercise increases mitochondria functions?

Answer 12

high intensity interval training increases it by 69%

Question 13

Which type of exercise increases telomere activity and length?

Answer 13

endurance and interval training but not resistance (weight) training

Question 14

accelerated telomere shortening has been associated with what?

Answer 14

age-related diseases and/or decreased lifespan

Question 15

What is considered to be one of the best diets for disease prevention and health ageing due to anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties?

Answer 15

the Mediterranean diet

Question 16

A recent study showed that what type of diet is associated with longer telomere length?

Answer 16

The mediterranean diet

Question 17

A lonely person is how much more likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease?

Answer 17

twice as likely

Question 18

What percentage of people over the age of 75 live alone?

Answer 18

50%

Question 19

What has a comparable risk factor for early death to smoking 15 cigarettes a day?

Answer 19

loneliness

Question 20

Which age group show better competencies for reasoning about social dilemmas and conflicts?

Answer 20

older people

Question 21

What happens with happiness generally as we age?

Answer 21

increased happiness (a U shaped relationship between evaluative wellbeing and age). However, from poorer countries, these is a decline in wellbeing in age

Question 22

What happens with out speed of processing, working memory and long term memory with age

Answer 22

they decline

Question 23

How does brain matter change in age?

Answer 23

A decline in the lateral prefrontal cortex, primary visual cortex (not as much) and hippocampus

Question 24

Is there always a direct link between brain deterioration and alzheimers disease pathology?

Answer 24

No, sometimes the brain scans appear normal, however cognitive function will decline which is a bigger marker of the disease

Question 25

“there is nothing to be done to reduce the risk of alzheimer’s disease” is this true?

Answer 25

NO. physical activity, smoking, obesity, diabetes and depression are all associated with an increased risk for the development of Alzheimer’s disease.

Question 26

What two functions can be kept active to reduce the effects of Alzheimer’s disease?

Answer 26

mental and physical functioning

Question 27

What is proprioception?

Answer 27

In the ankle joint, keeps body alignment, upright posture

Question 28

What is vestibular system?

Answer 28

in the inner ear, detects head motion which triggers postural muscles

Question 29

When balance is manipulated as harder, what happens to prefrontal cortex activation?

Answer 29

increases

Question 30

In the prefrontal cortex activation measurement from varying balance loads study, what was the protocol?

Answer 30

• 5 increasingly challenging balance conditions

- plus 5 dual task conditions (balance condition plus cognitive task)

Question 31

Did the study indicate that prefrontal cortex is involved in postural control?

Answer 31

yes, once load is increased, balance becomes harder

Question 32

What are the differences between older and young subjects in the limit or cortical resources in the prefrontal activation and postural balance study?

Answer 32

The cortical resources were reached sooner in older subjects

Question 33

What were 3 implications on the prefrontal cortical activation in postural balance study?

Answer 33

1. scope for improving the PFC activation through training in older people
2. higher PFC compensation capacity may improve balance in the elderly
3. falls and other injuries in the elderly could be improved made less painful with improved PFC function

Question 34

How much longer would we live if we cured cancer?

Answer 34

About 3-4 years