Week 2 Lecture Flashcards
What is a health behaviour (Kasl and Cobb)
A health behaviour aims to prevent disease
What is an illness behaviour (Kasl and Cobb)?
Al illness behaviour aims to seek remedy (appointment)
What is a sick role behaviour (Kasl and Cobb)?
Aims at getting well
What is a health impairing behaviour according to Matarazzo (1984)?
Behavioural pathogens (smoking, eating badly etc)
What is a health protecting behaviour according to Matarazzo (1984)?
Behavioural immunogens (health checkup etc).
What do health promotion and health education perspectives emphasis to aim to change a behaviour?
knowledge
What is a key predictor of behaviour?
Health beliefs
“nothing i do is going to change my health” is a what?
negative health belief
What are the four types of health beliefs?
- attributions
- risk perception
- motivation and self determination
- self efficacy
What are the two basic dimensions of attribution, which are used to understand causality?
external/internal attributions
stable/unstable, are the attributions stable?
According to attribution beliefs, how are individuals motivated to see their social world?
As predictable and controllable - there is a need to understand causality
What sis Herzlich find about the state of health and illness?
People believe that a state of health is regarded as internal and illness is seen as external
What is the health locus of control?
Individual differ in regarding eents as controllable by them (internal locus of control) or uncontrollable by them (external locus of control)
What is the locus of control predicting
How likely someone is to change their behaviour
In terms of risk perception, what did Weinstein discover?
That a reason for people to practise unhealthy behaviours is due to inaccurate perception of risk and susceptibility.
How does the self determination theory refer to motivation as a key factors in health behaviour?
Autonomous motivations - engaging in behaviours that fulfil personal relevant goals
What is a key construct in the self determination theory?
motivation
Who was the notion of self efficacy developed by?
Bandura
What is self-efficacy similar to
Feeling confident to engage in any behaviour
What is the 5 levels that the stages of change model has?
- pre-contemplation (not intending to make any changes)
- contemplation
- preparation (making small changes)
- action
- maintenance
Do the stages in stages of change model always occur in order?
No, they may move forward and back then forward again
Describe the health action process approach
-emphasis on self efficacy and attempts to predict both behavioural intentions and actual behaviour
What are the two distinctions that the health action process approach makes?
A distinction between a decision making/motivational stage and an action/maintenance stage.
What are the three components of the motivational stage in the health action process approach?
- self-efficacy
- outcome expectancies
- threat appraisal
What are the two components of the action stage in the health action process approach?
- volitional cognitive aspect (the action plan)
2. An action control mechanism (I can refuse a cigarette by reminding myself i am a non smoker)
What are the two things which social cognition model examine?
The predictors and precursors to health behaviour and take a continuum approach.
What are social cognition models based on?
The social cognition theory,
What does the social cognition model suggest that behaviour is governed by?
expectancies, incentives and social cognitions.
What are the 5 core beliefs of the health belief model?
- susceptibility to illness
- severity of illness
- costs
- benefits
- cues to action
What is the protection motivation theory model?
Developed by Rogers. Its main contribution is everything in the health belief model, but also includes fear
What is the theory of planned behaviour emphasising?
Behaviour intentions as the outcome of several beliefs.
What are behaviour intentions a combination of? (3)`
- attitude towards a behaviour
- subjective norm
- perceived behavioural control
What are integrated models?
Use the most useful cognitions and can be used to predict (and change) health behaviour
What is the COM-B model proposed by Michie?
-C apacity
-O oppurtunity
-M otivation
all predict health behaviour
What are four reasons as to why we need to change health behaviour?
- to prevent illness
- to manage illness
- to reduce physical symptoms
- to improve wellbeing
What are the four theoretical perspectives that psychology-based interventions typically fall within?
- learning and cognitive theory
- social cognition theory
- stage models
- interventions based on changing affect
What is the learning and cognitive theory?
The combination of learning theory and cognitive theory can be used to design powerful strategies for behaviour change.
What is reinforcement in changing behaviour?
One way to change a behaviour is to positively reinforce the desired behaviour and ignore the less desired behaviour
What is modelling in relation to changing health behaviour?
Modelling influences behaviour. a child is more likely to smoke if their parent smoke.
What is classical conditioning?
We learn associations between unconditioned and neutral stimuli.
What is exposure in behaviour change?
One fo the best predictors of future behaviour is past behaviour, so exposure to a given behaviour or skill can change future behaviour.
What is cognitive behavioural therapy;’ focus?
The notion that maladaptive behaviour is maintained by distorted cognitions.
What is selective abstraction as an irrational thought?
“e.g drinking alcohol is the only way i can unwind after work”
What is dichotomous reasoning as an irrational thought?
“e.g If i am not in complete control, I will lose all control” (black and white)
What is overgeneralisation as an irrational thought?
“e.g I failed last night so I will fail today as well”
What is magnification as an irrational thought?
“e.g stopping smoking will push me over the brink”
What is superstitious thinking as an irrational thought?
“e.g if i do exercise I will have another heart attack”
What is personalisation as an irrational thought?
“e.g they were laughing, so they must be laughing at me”
How do we change irrational thoughts in cognitive behavioural therapy?
Asking smart questions aimed to facilitate a change in thinking.
What does social cognition theory emphasise?
expectancies, incentives and social cognitions.
What are the 5 stages of the TPB model (a social cognition model)
- identify target population
- identify the most salient beliefs about target population
- conduct a study
- analyse data to determine core beliefs
- develop intervention to target these beliefs
What did Sutton study using the TPB model?
That most people believe that keeping to a certain slow speed limit will make it difficult to keep up with traffic so I will be late.
What is one of the main criticisms to most approaches of behaviour change (2)?
- That they do not address an individual’s emotions
2. They consider people to be rational processors of information
What is one problem of fear messages?
Blocking - people often resist, block, avoid, ignore or find faults in fear messages.
What have studies found to be effective in interventions?
Aims to change attitudes and beliefs, provide information, and give people examples of how to deal with harmful or risky behaviours and their triggers
What is health promotion?
Any event, process or activity that facilitates the protection or improvement of the health status of individuals, groups, communities or populations.
What is the objective of health promotion?
To prolong life and to improve quality of life by preventing or reducing the effects of impaired physical and/or mental health.
What are the two aspects of health promotion?
- behaviour change approach (individual)
2. public health interventions
What are some key barriers people identified for community health and wellbeing?
- lack of access to local facilities and services that are affordable
- community attitudes
- lack of connection
- time management
What are three aspects which influence the effectiveness of pamphlets?
- When aimed at patient education rather than public education
- Whether a pamphlet was used alone or as an addition to another form of intervention
- Pamphlets are more consistent in changing knowledge and attitudes than behaviour
What are the 5 recommendations research has told us which increase the likelihood of the effectiveness of pamphlets?
- targeting select, high risk groups
- target knowledge and attitude
- to change behaviour, use with other interventions
- incorporate behavioural strategies
- evaluate the effectiveness of the pamphlet
What are the 3 aspects of the precede-procede model?
- predisposing factors
- enabling factors
- reinforcing factors
