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Health and Psychological Well-being > Week 3 Lecture > Flashcards

Week 3 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What is fat intake linked to?

A

Various forms of heart disease

By virtue of its effects on weight control

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2
Q

How many deaths does WHO say that a low intake of food and vegetables cause?

A

Over 3 million deaths a year worldwide by increasing risk of contracting certain forms of cancer and heart disease

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3
Q

What is the healthy diet (the five stages in order of how much you should eat)?

A
  1. fruit and vegetables
  2. bread, pasta and cereals
  3. meat and fish
  4. milk and dairy products
  5. fatty and sugary foods
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4
Q

What are the two ways that diet impacts health?

A
  1. illness onset

2. treating illness

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5
Q

Illness onset can sometimes have an affect on eating disorders. What is this associated with?

A

physical problems including heart attacks, heart irregularities, stunted growth

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6
Q

illness onset can often. have an affect on obesity. How does this affect physical health?

A

diabetes, heart disease and some forms of cancer

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7
Q

how many people do not get enough food?

A

821 million (more than 1 in 9)

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8
Q

What diet have children been shown to eat?

A

in the western world, children eat too much fat and too few fruit and vegetables.

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9
Q

Do most Australians eat the minimum amount of serves for the five major food groups?

A

no

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10
Q

What percent of the Aussie population eat the vegetables and legumes or beans each day?

A

Less than 4 per cent

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11
Q

Over one third of the Australian populations energy intake comes from where?

A

setts, beverages ,cake, pastry products. (energy dense, nutrient poor food)

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12
Q

Is Australia meeting the guidelines for vegetables and legumes/beans?

A

No. fruit consumption is better, but a significant proportion consumes and inefficient amount.

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13
Q

What percentage of Australian adults are considered to be overweight or obese?

A

63.4%

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14
Q

What percentage of middle ages men are overweight in Australia?

A

75 to 80 oercent

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15
Q

What percentage of children are classified as overweight?

A

25% of children

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16
Q

What are the 3 key models of eating behaviour?

A
  1. cognition models
  2. the developmental model
  3. the weight concern model
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17
Q

What are cognitive models of eating behaviours focus?

A

AN individuals cognitions and how they can predict behaviour

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18
Q

What did the cognitive model of eating behaviour find about behavioural intentions?

A

That they are not particularly good predictors of behaviour

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19
Q

What did the cognitive model of eating behaviour find about past behaviour and habit?

A

Some studies suggest that past behaviour and habit are important in predicting eating behaviour

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20
Q

What did the cognitive model of eating behaviour find out about perceived behavioural control?

A

That is has a role in predicting behaviour particularly in relation to healthy eating

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21
Q

What are three concepts that the cognitive model of eating behaviour has found a correlation for in relation to predicting eating behaviour?

A
  1. Distraction
  2. memory
  3. mindless eating
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22
Q

What does the developmental model of eating behaviour highlight? (2)

A

learning and experiences in the development of food preferences

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23
Q

What are the three points that the development model of eating behaviour can be understood in terms of?

A
  1. exposure
  2. social learning
  3. associative learning
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24
Q

How can we overcome the fear and avoidance of foods according to the developmental model of eating behaviour?

A

exposure (capsicum experiment shows is more effective than reward)

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25
Q

What is the role of social learning in the developmental model of eating behaviour?

A

Observing other peoples behaviour is important. There are associations between parental behaviour and media (e.g tv) and children’s food intake.

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26
Q

What is the role of associative learning in the developmental model of eating behaviour?

A

Refers to the contingent factors on behaviour. e.d food can be paired with time of day etc. These positive associations between stimuli and eating behaviour can change what and when people eat.

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27
Q

What is conditioned taste aversion?

A

A form of associative learning. An animal learns to associate the novel taste of a new food with a subsequent illness.

28
Q

What does research show about food acceptance if it is presented as a reward?

A

Food acceptance increases

29
Q

What is the weight concern model of eating behaviour?

A

Food can change the bodys weight and shape which is associate with attractiveness, control and success.

30
Q

What does body dissatisfaction say in regard to the weight concern model of eating behaviour?

A

that dieting is often a result of body dissfatisfaction.

31
Q

Research suggests what about perceptions of reality verses those of an ideal in regard to weight?

A

There is a discrepancy. Most women would like to be thinner than what they are. Most males would like to be the same or larger.

32
Q

What affect does media have on body perceptions in media?

A

We are driven to strive for thinness and leads to pathological eating.

33
Q

What has WHO identified at the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality?

A

Physical inactivity

34
Q

Sedentary life is associated with what?

A

An increased risk of developing diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, obesity and cancer

35
Q

Is regular exercise considered to be health promoting or health protective?

A

Health protective

36
Q

What is exercise?

A

Theories of planned or structured episodes of activity

37
Q

What is physical activity

A

All levels of non-sedentary behaviour

38
Q

Do we exercise enough in Australia?

A

No

39
Q

How many adults meet the physical activity guidelines?

A

Only 1 in 2 (55%)

40
Q

How many adults met both the physical and muscle guidlines?

A

17%

41
Q

How many children met the physical activity and sedentary guidlines?

A

Only 1 in 10

42
Q

What benefits does exercise have on physical health?

A

Effects on longevity, chronic illness and subjective health status, reduced mortality rate

43
Q

Does weight affect the impact of increased life expectancy as a result of exercise?

A

No, all weights can benefit

44
Q

What benefits on physiology does exercise lead to (4)

A
  1. Benefits on circulatory systems

2. respiratory system 3.skeletal/muscle function, 4.prevents chronic illness

45
Q

What affect does exercise have on the immune system?

A

Immediately after exercise, they are more prone to bacterial and viral infections. However, moderate exercise improves it.

46
Q

What are some ways that exercise is used as a treatment?

A

For back pain, injury, constipation, headaches, diabetes, chronic illness

47
Q

What are the psychological benefits of exercise in relation to plasticity?

A

Increases the production of neurotrophic factors which improves cognitive function, memory, neurogenesis and neuroplasticity

48
Q

What are the two benefits that exercise has in terms of psychology?

A
  1. Effects on brain activity and mental function

2. Affects neurological and psychological disorders

49
Q

What are neurotrophic factors in neuroplasticity?

A

A group of protein that can stimulate growth of tissues

50
Q

What is the affect that exercise has on the structural growth of the brain?

A

Increases structural growth.

51
Q

What are four parts of the brain which exercise affects growth of?

A
  1. prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices
  2. nucleus accumbens
  3. hippocampus
    4 cerebellum
52
Q

According to one study, intense walking for one year does what to the hippocampus?

A

Increases the size of the hippocampus and improves memory

53
Q

Exercise may benefit people who have what mental illness/states?(6)

A
  1. depression
  2. negative mood
  3. stress response
  4. ADHD
  5. addiction
  6. neurological disorders
54
Q

How does exercise impact biological mechanisms?

A
  1. releasing opiates
  2. stimulates noradrenaline and adrenaline, reducing stress and enhances mood
  3. muscle relaxation
55
Q

Is there a relationship between a sedentary life and depression symptoms?

A

yes

56
Q

What happened to depressed older adults which engaged in aquatic exercise?

A

It reduced depression and stress.

57
Q

How is stress regulated?

A

A released amount of cortisol happened after the HPA axis is activated

58
Q

What happens when the release of cortisol is constant?

A

Causes impaired cognitive funtions and has neurotoxic affects on the brain

59
Q

What affect does exercise have on cortisol release? (1)

A
  1. exercise stimulates cortisol but does not affect long term production
  2. lowers HPA axis reactivity and therefore reduces stress in humans
60
Q

What did ADHD kids show after exercising?

A

Showed an enhancement of cognitive performance and brain function

61
Q

What is the relationship between exercise and addiction

A

Suggests that is can be effective in preventing addiction, managing craving and adjusting to addiction therapy

62
Q

What are the 3 model which have been the most used models when studying exercise and health behaviour?

A
  1. theory of planned behaviour
  2. the self-efficacy theory
  3. the transactional model
63
Q

According to the self-efficacy theory, a person will be more likely to engage in exercise if what (4)?

A
  1. perception of mastery is increased
  2. there is participatory modelling
  3. verbal persuasion
  4. optimal arousal
64
Q

Movement along the stages of change model seems to be dependant on what two things?1

A
  1. decisional balance

2. self-efficacy

65
Q

What does evidence show about decisional balance in relation to exercise in the stages of change model?

A

Most people do not exercise is because they can’t think of a good enough reason to do so.

66
Q

What does self-efficacy predict in regard to exercise according to the stages of change model? (2)

A
  1. that those who exercise regularly score higher on this measure.
  2. Those in early stages have little confidence about their ability to exercise

Health and Psychological Well-being (13 decks)

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