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Health and Psychological Well-being > Week 5 Lecture > Flashcards

Week 5 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What is the lay definition of stress?

A 
I feel (strong emotion)
I think (negative thought)
I am (negative behaviour change)
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2
Q

What is generalised adaptation syndrome?

A

Unspecific reaction of the body to stressors in the environment

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3
Q

What are the 3 phases that were realised through the generalised adaptation syndrome?

A
  1. alarm reaction
  2. resistance phase
  3. exhaustion phase
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4
Q

According to Selye’s general adaptation syndrome, what happens if we remain in the resistance phase?

A

We enter the exhaustion phase

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5
Q

Describe the alarm reaction according to the generalised adaptation syndrome?

A

Causes downturn in bodily defences and blood pressure, heart falls then rises

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6
Q

Outline the stage of resistance according to the generalised adaptation syndrome.

A

body tried to adapt to stressor, body tries to maintain arousal level

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7
Q

Describe the stage of exhaustion according to the generalised adaptation syndrome

A

Exhaustion if resistance lasts too long

may results in cardiovascular disease, arthritis, asthma is proposed

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8
Q

What is acute stress?

A

short lived stress

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9
Q

What is chronic stress?

A

long lived stress,

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10
Q

What are some factors which affect chronic stress? (5)

A
  1. demand
  2. controllability
  3. predictability
  4. ambiguity
  5. lack of support
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11
Q

What are some things which chronic long term stress has been linked to? (6)

A
  1. cardiovascular disease,
  2. diabetes
  3. certain cancers
  4. autoimmune disease
  5. general frailty
  6. mortality
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12
Q

What have pro inflammatory responses of stress been linked to? (3)

A
  1. troubled relationships
  2. negative of competitive social interactions
  3. feeling lonely
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13
Q

What was stress understood as in earlier times?

A

As a stimulus

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14
Q

What did Holmes and Rahe develop?

A

The social readjustment rating scale. Made a list which would evoke a certain amount of stress.

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15
Q

What are some aspects which the Holmes and Rahe social readjustment rating scale ignore?

A

Personality, environment, support networks, life experience

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16
Q

Who developed the transactional theory of stress and coping?

A

Firstly, Lazarus, but then developed by Lazarus and Folkman

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17
Q

What does the transactional theory of stress and coping model describe stress as?

A

a product of a transaction between a person and his/her coping (a psychological appraisal)

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18
Q

Folkman and Lazarus describe coping in terms of what two aspects?

A

Thoughts and actions

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19
Q

How many times is Lazarus and Folkmans stress , appraisal and coping cited?

A

Over 63,244 times. Incredibly pivotal.

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20
Q

What are the four stages of the transactional mode?

A
  1. stressor
  2. Primary appraisal
  3. secondary appraisal
  4. coping response
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21
Q

What is primary appraisal?

A

Person decided if a stress is neutral, stressful or irrelevant

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22
Q

What is secondary appraisal

A

Person evaluates options and decides how to respond

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23
Q

Which appraisal do we decide on whether we have the internal/external resources to cope with a stressor?

A

Secondary

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24
Q

If a primary appraisal is seen as a harm/loss, which emotion did Lazarus and Folkman often associate to this?

A

sadness, depression, despair, hopelessness

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25
Q

If a primary appraisal is seen as a threat, which emotion did Lazarus and Folkman often associate to this?

A

anxiety, fear, anger, jealousy

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26
Q

If a primary appraisal is seen as a challenge, which emotion did Lazarus and Folkman often associate to this?

A

worry, hope, confidence

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27
Q

What are some factors which influence appraisal that Folkman and Lazarus found?

A
  1. timing
  2. unexpected
  3. unpredictable
  4. ambiguous
  5. risk
  6. undesirable
  7. lack of control
  8. life changing
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28
Q

What is the self-regulation model interested in, the same as the transactional model?

A

Cognitions

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29
Q

What is coping?

A

The process of managing demands that are appraised as taxing/exceeding the person’s resources

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30
Q

What are the two strongest predictors of psychological adjustment and quality of life?

A

coping and social support

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31
Q

Is coping simply anything a person does to reduce the impact of a perceived or actual stressor?

A

Yes

32
Q

What are 3 outcomes of coping in regard to the Folkman and Lazarus model?

A
  1. short term physiological change
  2. emotions , social functioning, physical
  3. health and illness
33
Q

What did Cohen and Lazarus have as 5 coping tasks?

A
  1. reducing harmful conditions
  2. tolerating/adjusting to negative events
  3. having a good self image
  4. having emotional equilibrium and decreasing emotional stress
  5. maintaining good relationships
34
Q

The transactional model of coping proposed what two classes of coping?

A

problem focused and emotion focused coping

35
Q

What is problem focused coping?

A

efforts to change the nature of aspects of a problem or situation

36
Q

What is emotion focused coping

A

aims to regular emotions experienced because of the stressful event

37
Q

What is approach oriented-avoidance oriented coping proposed by Suls and Fletcher?

A

Whether coping moves toward or away from the stressor

38
Q

What is active versus passive ways of coping?

A

Moving toward to stressor, or avoiding/ignoring the stressor

39
Q

What is a coping style example?

A

monitering or blunters (seek out information or avoid) it is how we approach a problem

40
Q

What are coping strategies?

A

A situation specific coping response which reflects the context, stressor and personality

41
Q

Is coping concerned with the effectiveness of a coping mechanism?

A

No, it is either coping or isn’t

42
Q

Is there one right way to cope?

A

No, better to have a broad coping repertoire

43
Q

Why is coping self-regulation an important skill?

A

Being able to reflect/adjust coping attempts is important

44
Q

What are some maladaptive coping responses?

A

persistent avoidant, passive, helpless coping

45
Q

Active coping is associated to what?

A

good adjustment

46
Q

When is adaptive coping more effective?

A

When the control is more amendable to change (level of control)

47
Q

How does the WHO define mental health?

A

physical, mental and social wellbeing

48
Q

What are some positive responses to illness?

A

benefit finding, growth, appreciation with life, satisfaction

49
Q

What are 5 factors which moderate stress?

A
  1. coping behaviour
  2. personality
  3. individual cognition
  4. emotion
  5. social support
50
Q

Is there some evidence that there is an association between personality and health and illness?

A

yes, both directly and indirectly

51
Q

What is neuroticism related to in terms of health?

A

Increased attention to internal states and increased somatic complaints, may underpin stress-health associations

52
Q

What is hardiness related to in terms of health?

A

experience rich childhoods, control and challenge, thought to ‘buffer’ the experience of stress

53
Q

What is optimism related to in terms of health?

A

coping, reduced symptom reporting, reduced negative mood or depression, increased well being

54
Q

What does coping with stress from an optimist look like?

A

promotes active and persistent coping efforts, uses their resources effectively

55
Q

What is social support?

A

The presence of others in whom one can confide and from whom one can expect help and concern

56
Q

What are the three main types of social support?

A
  1. informational
  2. instrumental
  3. emotional
57
Q

What is informational coping?

A

informs knowledge and coping

58
Q

What is instrumental coping?

A

practical help or assistance

59
Q

What is emotional coping

A

listened to, validated and cared for

60
Q

What are the emotions that emotional support is associated wtith?

A

empathy, caring, concern

61
Q

How does emotional support make one feel

A

reassured, comfortable and like they belong

62
Q

What are the effects of instrumental support?

A

reducing strain or worry

63
Q

What are the effects of network support?

A

Welcoming shared experiences

64
Q

What are some aspects of social support? (3)

A
  • availability
  • network size
  • satisfaction with support (how we perceive this is influential)
65
Q

What does satisfaction with social support predict?

A

adaptive coping and better psychological adjustment

66
Q

What is the direct effect social support?

A

That social support is always beneficial, and makes people less susceptible to the effect os stress initially

67
Q

What is the buffering hypothesis?

A

the benefits of social support are mainly evidence in high stress situations

68
Q

What are the physiological responses of social support?

A

reduces depression and anxiety

69
Q

What is a response to lack of stress?

A

Adds another stressor

70
Q

What are three results of social support?

A
  1. lowers likelihood of illness
  2. speed illness recovery
  3. reduces risk of death
71
Q

What are 2 outcomes of high quality relationships?

A
  1. lower mortality

2. adherence to medical treatments

72
Q

Why might social support adversely affect health?

A

if a peer group engages in health-compromising behaviours

73
Q

The people who need social support more often are the least able to seek that skill. What are 3 examples of these people?

A
  1. shy and introverted
  2. depressed or anxious
  3. mistrustful
74
Q

Were interpersonal coping processes addressed in Lazarus and Folkmans model?

A

no

75
Q

What is dyadic coping?

A

mutual influences on coping processes in close relationships

76
Q

What did George Burns quote happiness as?

A

Happiness is having a large, loving and caring close-knit family in another city

Health and Psychological Well-being (13 decks)

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