Week 8 Lecture Flashcards
What are lay or informal carers? (5)
- people in the community
- not paid
- usually a close relative
- sometimes a not close relative or friend
- no qualifications
What do informal carers do? (4)
- assist with daily living
- emotional support
- may be a voice in formal care
- manage financial matters
Who is a primary carer?
Gives the main amount of support for patients
What is secondary care?
assist primary carer
looks after person but to a lesser extent
How many unpaid carers are there in Australia and what are some things we know about them? (4)
2.86 million
mostly female
average age 54 years
paid 40% less
If a person has dementia, what might carers have to think about?
The patients and their own safety, personality changes, violent behaviour
What are the carers needs? (3)
- financial needs’
- physical needs
- mental health
What are 5 things that carers lose through caring?
- social contacts
- leisure activities
- sense of self
- free time
- conversation
What is the three item ZBI screening version?
measures carers burden
In a large Australian study, what was found about carers?
most carers fell well below the normal range for personal wellbeing
A recent meta analysis found what on the health variants of carers vs no carers and what this variation was due to?
carers have worse mental health
physical health was not impacted to much
this varied on gender, age, relationship for care recipient and dementia care
What are some positive aspects of caring found in a study with 1229 carers?
- feeling useful
- feeling needed
- feeling important
- strong and confident
- appreciating life more
- strengthened relationships
In the Canadian study of positive aspects of care giving of the elderly, how many identified at least 1 positive aspect, and what was found?
- 73% could identify at least 1 positive aspect
- positive feelings were associated with lower depressions, lower burden and better self assessed health
A longitudinal study on carers found what?
caring helped coping with grief
A systematic review of 50 studies found what in benefits of care givers?
- personal growth
- gratitude
- meaning
- fewer depression
- less anxiety
- better psychological state
What is the most common type of age associated dementia>
Alzheimers and cerebrovascular pathology
What is the estimated global cost of dementia?
approx US $818 billion
Dementia carers have higher rates of:
- depression
- unmet needs
- poorer quality of life
- poorer health
What are the long term correlates of dementia carers?
- psychological distress
- perceived stress and burden
- chronic fatigue
- lowered immune system
- drug and alcohol use
- depression
- mortality
What percentage of dementia care givers report significant distress?
50%
How many dementia care givers contemplate suicide more than once in a year? (1)
How many of these said they were likely to attempt suicide
n the future? (1)
- 1 in 4
2. 1 third of them
Why are there subgroups in carers to do with area?
Because of their environment
What are some reasons as to why Tasmanian carers are high risk? (4)
- high dementia burden
- isolated
- high socio economic disadvantage
- second highest suicide rate nationally
The united estimates what about indigenous peoples?
370 million worldwide, belonging to 5000 different groups in 90 countries
Are Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders more likely to be carers?
Yes due to family members, due to health disparity
Mental health is worse in Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders:
- high levels of psychological distress nearly 3 times the rate
- self harm among young aged 15-24 are 5.2 times the rate
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children are more likely to:
- experience hearing loss die to ear disease
- require self care assistance, mobility or communication due to developmental delay
What is the life expectancy or Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders compared to non-indigenous?
approx 17 years less
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders infant mortality compared to non-indegenous:
1.5 times higher
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders education attainment is:
23% complete grade 12
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders employment is:
33% 18-24 study/work
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders health:
2X higher to have poor health
What percent of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander are carers?
12.5%, with females providing more
What is the average age of a Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander carer?
37 years
Young cares in a systematic review found what?
- aged between 4 and 25 years
- spend most time at home
- highly involved
- conceal the condition to others
- want a ‘normal life’
What are some developmental challenges that young carers have?
- simultaneously studying
- less time in school or doing homework
- employment difficulties
- sleep difficulties
- self harm and suicide
Why do we care about carers well being?
They help reduce burden on health sector and the economy
If carers were not able to prove care, how much would it cost for Australia?
$60.3 billion AU dollars
The carers quality of life and health and the carers quality of life and health has what kind of relationship?
A bidirectional relationship - one influences the other
What are some predictors of carer’s coping?
- same as in chronic illness
- social engagement and support
- leisure activities
Describe respite in carers:
giving the carer a break. Can be short term or long term or residential care
What are some psychological approaches in supporting caregivers? (5)
- cognitive therapy
- coping
- pleasant activities
- interventions
- holistic approach
Can health and welfare professionals also be a form of respite?
yes, through expressing feelings
What are some practical barriers to seeking help for carers?
- money
- lack of services
- time
What are some psychological barriers for carers seeking help?
- focus on others not on self
- burnout and depression
- guilt
- trust
What are some cultural/social barriers for seeking help for carers?
- duty
- expectations
- language barriers
- disadvantage
What is the biggest barrier to carers?
The jargon word.
Why is rewording important to carers?
Because lots of people do not like to identify as a carer. They say it is just family duties etc
What is often the goal to improve diabetic self menagement?
To include the carer but only to improve the patients self management
What was found in a review for interventions for caregivers of people living with cancer?
-interventions may improve the caregivers quality of life straight after, but not long term
What did a systematic review of interventions of carers find? (stroke)
all interventions were on carers of people with stroke
education and support programs improve caregivers quality of life
provides knowledge
Which type of theory provides the strongest benefits for carers and is currently the only type of theory which can delay institutionalisation?
cognitive behaviour therapy
Are interventions effective for young people?
may not be as engaging and are rare
providing a drawing of their experience helped to shift the focus of interventions
Indigenous people are:
culturally distinct groups from a non dominant sector of society, and have historical continuity with pre invasion roots and lands
What was found in a systematic review of Indigenous care givers?
- only 7 studies which met inclusion
- only 1 intervention study
- poorer health and higher burden
- these outcomes can be alleviated
Future research in Indigenous peoples need what? (PAR)
- Participatory (carers have a voice)
- more Action related models
- Research type
Interventions for caregivers of people living with cancer show what?
- interventions don’t have much impact
- should involve carers personal needs
- should target high risk
Are most cancer caregiver’s intentions assessed?
No, some do not even ask for their satisfaction with the intervention at all
Interventions for Indigenous carers for social and emotional wellbeing must what?
encourage self determination
community governance
community life
restoration
What are some important features in interventions for Indigenous carers?
- a holistic approach
- focus on recovery
- Indigenous led
- culturally responsive
The International alliance of carer organisations says what are strategic priorities on caregivers globally (4)?
- Increase awareness and recognition
- enhance understanding of caring
- create strategies
- facilitate capacity building of the IACO
