Week 6 Lecture Flashcards
What is epidemiology?
deal with the incidence, distribution and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health
Define chronic disease
lasting 3 months or more, cannot be prevented by vaccines or cured by medication
what is a noncommunicable disease?
a non-infectious health condition that cannot be spread from person to person
Who is Brian Oldenburg?
Director of WHO, chair of non communicable disease, research focuses on how to reduce chronic disease risk
What is HIV? (4)
- Indentified in 1981,
- a deadly disease
- slow development, no cure
- untreated leads to AIDS
What are some symptoms of HIV?(6)
chills, rash, fever, fatigue, muscle aches, night sweats
What are some ways to prevent HIV?
limiting sexual partners, never sharing needles, use condoms
What are some new HIV prevention medicines?
- pre-exposure prophalaxis
2. post-exposure prophalaxis
What are some factors of pre-exposure prophalaxis?
daily medicine, taken daily, reduces risk of HIV, can stop HIV taking hold and spreading through the body
What are some factors of post exposure prophylaxis? (3)
- take medicine after being potentially exposed to HIV,
2 .only used in emergency situations, - must be started within 72 hours after a recent possible exposure
What were some outcomes for anti-retroviral therapy (anti HIV medicine)
mortality rates decreased, positive changes, more of a chronic illness rather than life threatening illness
Who is the most infected HIV country?
Africa
The united nations program on HIV or aids says that how many million adults and children worldwide are living with HIV or aids?
around 37 million
The united nations program on HIV or aids says estimates how many new infections and how many deaths?
2.6 million new infections and 1.8 million AIDS deaths
How many people are dying of HIV/AIDS every year?
Nearly 1 million
Who are at risk or hard to reach with HIV/AIDS prevention?
sex workers, prison, homosexuals, transgender people
Which group are increasingly affected by HIV?
young girls and women in Africa
What are some psychological and social ways that psychology is involved in HIV/AIDS?
- prevention behaviours (primary prevention)
2. adjusting to diagnosis and treatment adherence (secondary treatment adherence)
What are the main symptoms of AIDS?
eyes, lung tumours, skin tumours, gastrointestinal
What may speed up the process from HIV to AIDS?
lifestyle choices such as:
- drug use
- unsafe sex
- unhealthy behaviours
- stress
Longevity of HIV/AIDS can be influenced by:
general health, behaviours, social support, coping, realist acceptance
What is one model which has been effective in terms of HIV prevention?
risk environment model
What four types of environmental influences to explain HIV intervention design are involved in the risk environment model?
- physical
2 social - economic
- policy
The risk environment model for HIV prevention outlines macro and micro factors which affect HIV intervention design. What are some examples of macro risk environment?
laws, government, economic conditions, cultural beliefs
The risk environment model for HIV prevention outlines macro and micro factors which affect HIV intervention design What are some examples of micro risk environment?
focus on personal decisions and influence of community level norms and practises
Since when has Australia been successful in the prevention of HIV and AIDS?
1980
What is one of the reasons why Australia successful in the prevention of HIV and AIDS?
infected people mobilised and were advocates in care and support services
What does equitable access to treatment for people with HIV lead to? (2)
Removes barrier to treatment, enables individuals to live well into old age
What are some other models which have been used to inform prevention and intervention strategies?
- the health belief model (limitation is only selects parts of the model)
- stages of change model
- social cognitive theory )most used)
- AIDS risk reduction model
What is the AIDS risk reduction model?
incorporates several variables from other behaviour change theories
What are the three stages of behaviour change in the AIDS risk reduction model
- labelling of high risk as problematic
- committing to changing this behaviour
- seeking solutions
What are 6 aspects which the AIDS reduction model also considers?
- knowledge of risks
- perceptions of susceptibility
- perceived costs and benefits
- self-efficacy beliefs
- emotional states
- social factors
The notion of reduced risk is so powerful that studies have shown that the promise of access to treatment of HIV that what is happening?
There is significant increase in risk behaviour
What are 3 common elements or tasks in chronic disease self-management?
physical, psychological functioning and social functioning
What is health related quality of life?
how well one functions and one’s perceptions of one’s own well being in physical, mental and social domains of life
Regardless of symptoms, people with HIV experience what in terms of mental health?
worse mental wellbeing compared to the general population
What are some predictors of better outcome in HIV?
being employed, higher income, better social support, religion, exercise
What is depression related to in terms of immune system and mortality in people living with HIV?
an accelerated decline
What is cognitive behavioural stress management?
focuses on reducing stress and teaching coping skills, relaxation skills, managing stress
People who experience depression, childhood abuse and violence are more likely to engage in what?
High sexual risk behaviour
What are 2 examples of successful cognitive behavioural stress management interventions?
- HIV African American with history of childhood sexual abuse history
- HIV risk reduction intervention for Hispanic women
What type of emotions co occur with intensely stressful situations?
positive AND negative emotions
What did Susan Folkman discover?
did a longitudinal study on parters with AIDS, she found a high occurrence of positive emotions and experiences that were also reported
What type of coping did Susan Folkman include in her model after witnessing positive emotions?
meaning-focused coping: said to in turn generate positive emotions and their underlying appraisal
What is risked to reduced risk of colon cancer?
physical activity
what does smoking cause? (3)
cancer, cardiovascular disease, premature death
Which weight contributes to some cancers?
obese
long term heavy drinking can lead to what?
increased risk for heart disease, cancer, alcohol liver disease
What are 5 things linked to the risk of cancer?
- poor diet
- physical inactivity
- smoking
- stress
- social involvement
What are three ways to describe the nature of cancer?
- progressive loss of cell shape and function
- potential to spread or “metastasis”
- travel through blood or immune system
What are 4 stages of cancer grading, where 1 and 2 have a better survival rate?
- site and size
- cell type and grade
- lymph node status
- surgical grading
What are some cancer treatments?
surgery, radiation, chemo, hormone treatment, stem cell transplant
What is immunotherapy?
biological therapies which fight cancer cells
What is targeted therapy?
cancer treatment which targets proteins that control cell growth
What is precision medicine?
personalised medicine for cancer treatment based on genetic makeup (being tested at the moment)
What are some side effects of cancer surgery?
pain, fatigue, loss of organ function, scars
What are some side effects of radiation?
fatigue, burning on skin or organ, changes to personal hygiene
What are some side effects of chemo?
nausea, fatigue, hair loss, appetite change, change in smell and taste, loss of organ function, reduced immunity
What are some side effects of hormone therapy as a cancer treatment?
feminisation, maculation, weight gain, lowered mental alertness
Immunotherapy is sometimes used as cancer treatment (although it has not been fully developed yet), what are the side effects of this treatment?
flu symptoms, pain, swelling, rash, major organ breakdown
What are the targeted cancer therapy side effects?
blood clotting, wound healing, diarrhoea, high blood pressure, others similar to chemo
What is psycho-oncology?
exploration of psychological and social factors associated with cancer adjustment
What is the psychosocial impact of cancer? (2 short term and 4 long term)
short term: -mood -worries long term adjustment: -mood improves -sexual dysfunction -poor body image -existential concerns
What are some positive responses to illness? (5)
- benefit finding
- post trauma growth
- satisfaction with life
- healthy lifestyle
- empathy
What is post trauma growth?
after a traumatic event, what are the things which help me grow
Benefit finding early in cancer predicts what?
better adjustment
What are some predictors of post trauma growth: (3)
- optimism
- cognitive processing and cognitive strategies (e.g postive reframing, humour)
- social support
What is the common sense model?
A leading model in self-regulation in the face of illness
What does the common sense model highlight?
That the way we think about the illness predicts better adjustment
What was found in a systematic review of illness representation and coping behaviours?
- small-moderate effect between illness representations and coping behaviours
- moderate to large effects between illness representation and illness outcomes
- higher levels of control related illness perceptions were associated with lower levels of distress and higher functioning and quality of life
What are three variants of intervention types?
- different formats
- different settings
- different approaches
What are some effects of efficacy of interventions to improve adjustment to cancer? (4)
- larger effects for patients with higher distress
- can decrease pain and nausea
- can enhance coping self-efficacy
- helps to relieve depressions
How might physical activity increase functional capacity during chemotherapy? (2)
- improves marrow capacity, 2. decreases fatigue and other symptoms associated with chemo
What are some positive outcomes for CBT in cancer patients?
increased optimism, reduce moderate depression, enhance benefit finding
How come the effects of treatment are often greater for those with low levels initially?
It makes sense intuitively, because they have the biggest room for improvement
couples based cancer interventions have been shown to what?
assist partners in sexual adjustment, aids physical adjustment-of quality of life, reduces psychological distress and improved the quality of life
what are the effects of online interventions in regard to cancer treatment?
mixed evidence, content needs to be patient specific, social networking does not always provide added benefits
