week 9: Kidney's Flashcards
Inner portion of the renal parenchyma containing loop of henle
medulla
right posterior subhepatic space located anterior to the kidney and inferior to the liver. Where fluid may accumulate
Morrison’s pouch
one of several conical masses of tissue that form the kidney medulla. Each consist of the loop of henle and the collecting tubules of nephron
renal pyramid
area in midpoint of kidney where renal vessels and ureter enter and exit
renal hilum
central area of kidney that includes calyces, renal pelvis, renal vessels, fat, nerves, lymphatics
renal sinus
lab measurement of how much material is dissolved in urine
specific gravity
retroperitoneal structures that exit kidney to carry urine to the bladder
ureters
muscular retroperitoneal organ that serves as reservoir for urine
bladder
cortex and medullary pyramids are separated from each other by bands of cortical tissue, ____, that extend into the renal sinus.
column of bertin
carries blood into the glomerulus of the nephron
afferent arteriole
site of filtration in the kidney’s contains salts, water, glucose, urea, and amino acids
bowman’s capsule
outer parenchyma of the kidney that contains the renal corpus and proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the nephron
cortex
another term for the renal fascia; the kidney is covered by the renal capsule, perirenal fat, greota’s fascia, and perarenal fat
gerota’s fascia
area of kidney where vessels, ureters, and lymphatics enter and exit the kidney
hilus/ hilum
receives urine from the minor calyces to convey to the renal pelvis
major calyces
receives urine from the renal pyramids; form the boarder of the renal sinus
minor calyces
functional unit of the kidney; includes the renal corpuscle and renal tubule
nephron
part of the nephron that consists of bowman’s capsule and the glomerulus
renal corpuscle
area in the midportion of the kidney that collects urine before entering the ureter
renal pelvis
space behind the peritoneal lining of abdominal cavity
retroperitoneum
small, membranous canal that excretes urine from the bladder
urethra
small vessels found at the base of the renal pyramids; appear as echogenic structures
arcuate arteries
lab tests that measure amount of nitrogenous waste
BUN (blood urea nitrogen)
part of the collecting system adjacent to the pyramid that collects urine and is connected to the major calyx
calyx
a product of metabolism; lab test that measures the ability of the kidney to get rid of waste
creatinine
small vessel carries blood from glomerulus of nephron and conducts blood to the peritubular capillaries that surround the renal tubule
efferent arteriole
network of capillaries that are part of the filtration process in the kidney
glomerulus
maintenance of normal body physiology
homeostasis
portion of the renal tubule lying between the prox and distal convoluted tubule portions; reabsorption of fluid, sodium, chloride occurs here and in prox tubule
loop of henle
the urinary system includes: __ kidney’s
__ ureters
__ bladders
__ urethras
2
2
1
1
what makes up the upper urinary tract
kidney’s and ureters
what makes up the lower urinary tract
bladder and urethra
Kidneys are ____ organs that lie one on each side of the spine between the ___ and ___ muscles
- retroperitoneal
- peritoneum
- back
the right kidney is ___ than the left
lower
ureters are ____ organs that originate at the ___
- retroperitoneal
- hilum
ureters extend ___ along psoas muscle to enter the bladder ___
- inferiorly
- posteriorly
urinary bladder is ___ to the pubis symphis
posterior
male urethra is ___ than female
longer
male urethra serves as pathway for ___
seminal fluid
right kidney is ___ to:
- right lobe of liver
- 2nd part of duodenum
- hepatic flexture
- jejunum / SI
posterior
right kidney is ____ to:
- diaphragm
- twelfth rib
- psoas muscle
- quadratus lumborum
- trv abdominis muscle
anterior
left kidney is \_\_ to: -left adrenal gland -spleen -pancreas -stomach left colic flexture -colis of jejunum
posterior
left kidney is ___ to:
- diaphragm
- eleventh & twelfth rib
- psoas muscle
- quadratus lumborum
- trv abdominis muscle
anterior
__ are anterosuperior and slightly medial to kidney’s
adrenal gland
__ artery can be used to follow the ureter
common iliac (CIA)
ureter runs anterior to ___ & ___
psoas muscle & bifurcation of CIA
male urinary bladder is anterior to (2) & superior to (1)
- seminal vesicle
- rectum
- prostate
female bladder is anterior to (3)
- vagina
- posterior cul de sac
- rectum
length of kidney
9-12cm
- tough fibrous capsule
- perirenal fat
- gerota’s fascia
- pararenal fat
protective coverings for kidney
peri
inside
para
outside
1st layer covering kidney
capsule
2nd layer covering kidney, continuous with the sinus fat
perirenal fat / perinephric?
3rd layer covering kidney, anchors kidney
gerota’s fascia / perirenal fascia
4th layer surrounding kidney, thicker
pararenal fat
The ____ anchors the kidneys and limits any infection arising from them.
renal fascia / gerota’s fascia
another name for adipose capsule, packing fat of zuckerkandl
perinephric fat
another name for perirenal fascia/ perinephric fascia
fascia of gerota
another name for pararenal body
pararenal fat
another name fore true capsule, fibrous capsule
renal capsule
renal parenchyma consists of (2)
cortex & medulla
apex of the pyramid sits within the ___
minor calyx
of renal pyramids
8-18
renal papilla also called
apex of pyramid
t/f: the papilla project into the lumen of the minor calyces
true
Portion of the kidney that consists of a single pyramid bordered by arteries and veins
renal lobes
parts of the infundibulum collecting system
major & minor calyx
2 parts of collecting system
- infundibulum
2. renal pelvis
path of urine drainage (6)
- papillary duct in renal pyramid
- minor calyx
- major calyx
- renal pelvis
- ureter
- bladder
main renal arteries arise from ___
aorta
renal arteries
segmental
interlobar
arcuate
interlobular
renal veins drain into ___
IVC
left renal vein receives blood from ____ & ___ veins
left suprarenal & gonadal
flow of blood from aorta
- renal artery
- segmental artery
- interlobar artery
- arcuate artery
- inerlobular artery
- afferent arteriole
- glomerulus
- efferent arteriole
flow of blood returning to ivc from peritubular capillaries
- interlobular vein
- arcuate vein
- interlobar vein
- renal vein
- ivc
renal medulla is ___ when filled with urine on US
anechoic
renal sinus has ___ boarders
irregular
pediatric renal cortex is __ relative to cortex in adult kidney
hyperechoic
renal medulla is __ seen in pediatricts and ___ seen in adults
- easily
- poorly
muscles surrounding kideny
- quadratus lumborum
- psoas muscle
muscles are seen ___ compared to kidney on US
hypoechoic
location of morrison’s pouch
between kidney and liver
- anterior to kidney
- inferior to liver
what is transient pyelectasis
collecting system is dialated and anechoic bc of full bladder
how to resolve pyelectasis
void (go pee)
Right renal artery courses ___ to IVC
posterior
left renal vein courses __ to aorta and __ to SMA
- anterior
- posterior
where do you see urethral jets
where ureters enter bladder at the trigone
t/f: ureters are always visible on US
False, only when dialated
why is the bladder measurement useful
determines if patient can empty properly
function of urinary system
urine production and homeostasis
-regulate electrolytes, acid-base balance, BP, BV, salts, water
function of kidneys
remove waste from blood and produce urine
t/f: urinary system functions independently
true
intake and excretion of salt and water regulated through the____system
renin-angiostensin
glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion are important part of ___
urine formation
function of nephron
filter blood and produce urine
2 main structures of nephron
renal corpuscle & tubule
renal corpuscle function
filter blood
renal tubule function
filter fluid
parts of renal tubule
- proximal and distal convoluted tubule
- loop of henle
- collecting duct
There are over ____ microscopic nephrons in each kidney.
a million
filtration is the __ step and occurs at the ___
1st
glomulerus
afferent arterioles carry blood in due to ___ __
pressure gradient
water, salts, glucose, urea, AA are part of
filtrate
___ ___ forces water to return to the blood stream
osmotic pressure
tubular reabsorption occurs in ___
proximal convoluted tubule, ascending & descending loop of henle
tubular reabsorption occurs via ___ transport
active
tubular secretion occurs in
distal convoluted tubule
urine exits the distal convoluted tubule into the ___
collecting duct
waste products secreted into the distal convoluted tubule
ammonia, drugs, hydrogen , potassium
flow of fluid though corticle nephron starting at glomerulus (bowman’s capsule)
- bowmans capsule
- proximal convoluted tubule
- descending loop of henle
- ascending loop of henle
- distal convoluted tubule
- collecting duct
- minor & major calyces
- ureters
ADH is released from __
pituitary gland
when too much water is in the blood, ADH release is __ and the kidney’s excrete __ water and urine output is ___
- decreased
- more
- increased
ADH causes the kidneys to release ___ water, __ the amount of urine produced
less
decreasing
high ADH level causes body to release ___ water
less
When there is not enough water in the blood, ADH release is ___ and the kidneys excrete less water and urine output is decreased.
increased
Aldosterone is produces by
adrenal cortex
aldosterone causes salt and water to be ___ into the bloodstream from the distal tubule
reabsorbed
juxtaglomerulus apparatus helps regulate ___
BP
When a decrease in blood volume is detected ___ is released from cells in the afferent arteriole, acting on angiotensinogen in the blood to increase systemic pressure
renin
modified cells of the ___ convoluted tubule and afferent arterial help regulate blood pressure
distal
Erythropoietin hormone is released in response to ____ oxygen
decreased
Causes RBCs to be produced and released into the bloodstream, this enhances the ability of the blood to carry oxygen
erythropoietin
T/F: There may be a 50% loss of renal function before the blood levels are elevated on these tests
true
Elevation in creatinine means ____ in renal function
disturbance
Nitrogenous compound formed as an end product of muscle metabolism
creatinine
Formed in muscle in small amounts, passed into blood and excreted in urine
creatinine
end product of protein metabolism and is readily excreted , concentration is normally low
urea
___ level measures renal function
BUN
____ BUN May lead to mental confusion, disorientation and coma
elevated
Kidneys ability to excrete urea is impaired or reduced renal blood flow (dehydration and urinary tract obstructions) occur with
rising BUN level
measures how well the kidneys remove waste and excess fluid from the blood.
glomerular filtration rate
increase specific gravity means
kidneys are preserving water
decrease glomerular filtration rate means
renal disease
increase in ___ and ___ indicate renal diseas
BUN & creatinine
normal BUN level
26mg/dL
normal creatinine level
1.1mg/dL
normal glomerular filtration rate
90+
normal specific gravity
1.1-1.025
afferent arterioles extend to the ___
nephrons
