week 9: Kidney's Flashcards
1
Q
Inner portion of the renal parenchyma containing loop of henle
A
medulla
2
Q
right posterior subhepatic space located anterior to the kidney and inferior to the liver. Where fluid may accumulate
A
Morrison’s pouch
3
Q
one of several conical masses of tissue that form the kidney medulla. Each consist of the loop of henle and the collecting tubules of nephron
A
renal pyramid
4
Q
area in midpoint of kidney where renal vessels and ureter enter and exit
A
renal hilum
5
Q
central area of kidney that includes calyces, renal pelvis, renal vessels, fat, nerves, lymphatics
A
renal sinus
6
Q
lab measurement of how much material is dissolved in urine
A
specific gravity
7
Q
retroperitoneal structures that exit kidney to carry urine to the bladder
A
ureters
8
Q
muscular retroperitoneal organ that serves as reservoir for urine
A
bladder
9
Q
cortex and medullary pyramids are separated from each other by bands of cortical tissue, ____, that extend into the renal sinus.
A
column of bertin
10
Q
carries blood into the glomerulus of the nephron
A
afferent arteriole
11
Q
site of filtration in the kidney’s contains salts, water, glucose, urea, and amino acids
A
bowman’s capsule
12
Q
outer parenchyma of the kidney that contains the renal corpus and proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the nephron
A
cortex
13
Q
another term for the renal fascia; the kidney is covered by the renal capsule, perirenal fat, greota’s fascia, and perarenal fat
A
gerota’s fascia
14
Q
area of kidney where vessels, ureters, and lymphatics enter and exit the kidney
A
hilus/ hilum
15
Q
receives urine from the minor calyces to convey to the renal pelvis
A
major calyces
16
Q
receives urine from the renal pyramids; form the boarder of the renal sinus
A
minor calyces
17
Q
functional unit of the kidney; includes the renal corpuscle and renal tubule
A
nephron
18
Q
part of the nephron that consists of bowman’s capsule and the glomerulus
A
renal corpuscle
19
Q
area in the midportion of the kidney that collects urine before entering the ureter
A
renal pelvis
20
Q
space behind the peritoneal lining of abdominal cavity
A
retroperitoneum
21
Q
small, membranous canal that excretes urine from the bladder
A
urethra
22
Q
small vessels found at the base of the renal pyramids; appear as echogenic structures
A
arcuate arteries
23
Q
lab tests that measure amount of nitrogenous waste
A
BUN (blood urea nitrogen)
24
Q
part of the collecting system adjacent to the pyramid that collects urine and is connected to the major calyx
A
calyx
25
a product of metabolism; lab test that measures the ability of the kidney to get rid of waste
creatinine
26
small vessel carries blood from glomerulus of nephron and conducts blood to the peritubular capillaries that surround the renal tubule
efferent arteriole
27
network of capillaries that are part of the filtration process in the kidney
glomerulus
28
maintenance of normal body physiology
homeostasis
29
portion of the renal tubule lying between the prox and distal convoluted tubule portions; reabsorption of fluid, sodium, chloride occurs here and in prox tubule
loop of henle
30
the urinary system includes: __ kidney's
__ ureters
__ bladders
__ urethras
2
2
1
1
31
what makes up the upper urinary tract
kidney's and ureters
32
what makes up the lower urinary tract
bladder and urethra
33
Kidneys are ____ organs that lie one on each side of the spine between the ___ and ___ muscles
- retroperitoneal
- peritoneum
- back
34
the right kidney is ___ than the left
lower
35
ureters are ____ organs that originate at the ___
- retroperitoneal
| - hilum
36
ureters extend ___ along psoas muscle to enter the bladder ___
- inferiorly
| - posteriorly
37
urinary bladder is ___ to the pubis symphis
posterior
38
male urethra is ___ than female
longer
39
male urethra serves as pathway for ___
seminal fluid
40
right kidney is ___ to:
- right lobe of liver
- 2nd part of duodenum
- hepatic flexture
- jejunum / SI
posterior
41
right kidney is ____ to:
- diaphragm
- twelfth rib
- psoas muscle
- quadratus lumborum
- trv abdominis muscle
anterior
42
```
left kidney is __ to:
-left adrenal gland
-spleen
-pancreas
-stomach
left colic flexture
-colis of jejunum
```
posterior
43
left kidney is ___ to:
- diaphragm
- eleventh & twelfth rib
- psoas muscle
- quadratus lumborum
- trv abdominis muscle
anterior
44
__ are anterosuperior and slightly medial to kidney's
adrenal gland
45
__ artery can be used to follow the ureter
common iliac (CIA)
46
ureter runs anterior to ___ & ___
psoas muscle & bifurcation of CIA
47
male urinary bladder is anterior to (2) & superior to (1)
- seminal vesicle
- rectum
- prostate
48
female bladder is anterior to (3)
- vagina
- posterior cul de sac
- rectum
49
length of kidney
9-12cm
50
1. tough fibrous capsule
2. perirenal fat
3. gerota's fascia
4. pararenal fat
protective coverings for kidney
51
peri
inside
52
para
outside
53
1st layer covering kidney
capsule
54
2nd layer covering kidney, continuous with the sinus fat
perirenal fat / perinephric?
55
3rd layer covering kidney, anchors kidney
gerota's fascia / perirenal fascia
56
4th layer surrounding kidney, thicker
pararenal fat
57
The ____ anchors the kidneys and limits any infection arising from them.
renal fascia / gerota's fascia
58
another name for adipose capsule, packing fat of zuckerkandl
perinephric fat
59
another name for perirenal fascia/ perinephric fascia
fascia of gerota
60
another name for pararenal body
pararenal fat
61
another name fore true capsule, fibrous capsule
renal capsule
62
renal parenchyma consists of (2)
cortex & medulla
63
apex of the pyramid sits within the ___
minor calyx
64
of renal pyramids
8-18
65
renal papilla also called
apex of pyramid
66
t/f: the papilla project into the lumen of the minor calyces
true
67
Portion of the kidney that consists of a single pyramid bordered by arteries and veins
renal lobes
68
parts of the infundibulum collecting system
major & minor calyx
69
2 parts of collecting system
1. infundibulum
| 2. renal pelvis
70
path of urine drainage (6)
1. papillary duct in renal pyramid
2. minor calyx
3. major calyx
4. renal pelvis
5. ureter
6. bladder
71
main renal arteries arise from ___
aorta
72
renal arteries
segmental
interlobar
arcuate
interlobular
73
renal veins drain into ___
IVC
74
left renal vein receives blood from ____ & ___ veins
left suprarenal & gonadal
75
flow of blood from aorta
1. renal artery
2. segmental artery
3. interlobar artery
4. arcuate artery
5. inerlobular artery
6. afferent arteriole
7. glomerulus
8. efferent arteriole
76
flow of blood returning to ivc from peritubular capillaries
1. interlobular vein
2. arcuate vein
3. interlobar vein
4. renal vein
5. ivc
77
renal medulla is ___ when filled with urine on US
anechoic
78
renal sinus has ___ boarders
irregular
79
pediatric renal cortex is __ relative to cortex in adult kidney
hyperechoic
80
renal medulla is __ seen in pediatricts and ___ seen in adults
- easily
| - poorly
81
muscles surrounding kideny
- quadratus lumborum
| - psoas muscle
82
muscles are seen ___ compared to kidney on US
hypoechoic
83
location of morrison's pouch
between kidney and liver
- anterior to kidney
- inferior to liver
84
what is transient pyelectasis
collecting system is dialated and anechoic bc of full bladder
85
how to resolve pyelectasis
void (go pee)
86
Right renal artery courses ___ to IVC
posterior
87
left renal vein courses __ to aorta and __ to SMA
- anterior
| - posterior
88
where do you see urethral jets
where ureters enter bladder at the trigone
89
t/f: ureters are always visible on US
False, only when dialated
90
why is the bladder measurement useful
determines if patient can empty properly
91
function of urinary system
urine production and homeostasis
| -regulate electrolytes, acid-base balance, BP, BV, salts, water
92
function of kidneys
remove waste from blood and produce urine
93
t/f: urinary system functions independently
true
94
intake and excretion of salt and water regulated through the____system
renin-angiostensin
95
glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion are important part of ___
urine formation
96
function of nephron
filter blood and produce urine
97
2 main structures of nephron
renal corpuscle & tubule
98
renal corpuscle function
filter blood
99
renal tubule function
filter fluid
100
parts of renal tubule
- proximal and distal convoluted tubule
- loop of henle
- collecting duct
101
There are over ____ microscopic nephrons in each kidney.
a million
102
filtration is the __ step and occurs at the ___
1st
| glomulerus
103
afferent arterioles carry blood in due to ___ __
pressure gradient
104
water, salts, glucose, urea, AA are part of
filtrate
105
___ ___ forces water to return to the blood stream
osmotic pressure
106
tubular reabsorption occurs in ___
proximal convoluted tubule, ascending & descending loop of henle
107
tubular reabsorption occurs via ___ transport
active
108
tubular secretion occurs in
distal convoluted tubule
109
urine exits the distal convoluted tubule into the ___
collecting duct
110
waste products secreted into the distal convoluted tubule
ammonia, drugs, hydrogen , potassium
111
flow of fluid though corticle nephron starting at glomerulus (bowman's capsule)
1. bowmans capsule
2. proximal convoluted tubule
3. descending loop of henle
4. ascending loop of henle
5. distal convoluted tubule
6. collecting duct
7. minor & major calyces
8. ureters
112
ADH is released from __
pituitary gland
113
when too much water is in the blood, ADH release is __ and the kidney's excrete __ water and urine output is ___
- decreased
- more
- increased
114
ADH causes the kidneys to release ___ water, __ the amount of urine produced
less
| decreasing
115
high ADH level causes body to release ___ water
less
116
When there is not enough water in the blood, ADH release is ___ and the kidneys excrete less water and urine output is decreased.
increased
117
Aldosterone is produces by
adrenal cortex
118
aldosterone causes salt and water to be ___ into the bloodstream from the distal tubule
reabsorbed
119
juxtaglomerulus apparatus helps regulate ___
BP
120
When a decrease in blood volume is detected ___ is released from cells in the afferent arteriole, acting on angiotensinogen in the blood to increase systemic pressure
renin
121
modified cells of the ___ convoluted tubule and afferent arterial help regulate blood pressure
distal
122
Erythropoietin hormone is released in response to ____ oxygen
decreased
123
Causes RBCs to be produced and released into the bloodstream, this enhances the ability of the blood to carry oxygen
erythropoietin
124
T/F: There may be a 50% loss of renal function before the blood levels are elevated on these tests
true
125
Elevation in creatinine means ____ in renal function
disturbance
126
Nitrogenous compound formed as an end product of muscle metabolism
creatinine
127
Formed in muscle in small amounts, passed into blood and excreted in urine
creatinine
128
end product of protein metabolism and is readily excreted , concentration is normally low
urea
129
___ level measures renal function
BUN
130
____ BUN May lead to mental confusion, disorientation and coma
elevated
131
Kidneys ability to excrete urea is impaired or reduced renal blood flow (dehydration and urinary tract obstructions) occur with
rising BUN level
132
measures how well the kidneys remove waste and excess fluid from the blood.
glomerular filtration rate
133
increase specific gravity means
kidneys are preserving water
134
decrease glomerular filtration rate means
renal disease
135
increase in ___ and ___ indicate renal diseas
BUN & creatinine
136
normal BUN level
26mg/dL
137
normal creatinine level
1.1mg/dL
138
normal glomerular filtration rate
90+
139
normal specific gravity
1.1-1.025
140
afferent arterioles extend to the ___
nephrons
