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IMG1034 Abdominal sonography > week 9: Kidney's > Flashcards

week 9: Kidney's Flashcards

1
Q

Inner portion of the renal parenchyma containing loop of henle

A

medulla

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2
Q

right posterior subhepatic space located anterior to the kidney and inferior to the liver. Where fluid may accumulate

A

Morrison’s pouch

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3
Q

one of several conical masses of tissue that form the kidney medulla. Each consist of the loop of henle and the collecting tubules of nephron

A

renal pyramid

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4
Q

area in midpoint of kidney where renal vessels and ureter enter and exit

A

renal hilum

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5
Q

central area of kidney that includes calyces, renal pelvis, renal vessels, fat, nerves, lymphatics

A

renal sinus

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6
Q

lab measurement of how much material is dissolved in urine

A

specific gravity

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7
Q

retroperitoneal structures that exit kidney to carry urine to the bladder

A

ureters

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8
Q

muscular retroperitoneal organ that serves as reservoir for urine

A

bladder

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9
Q

cortex and medullary pyramids are separated from each other by bands of cortical tissue, ____, that extend into the renal sinus.

A

column of bertin

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10
Q

carries blood into the glomerulus of the nephron

A

afferent arteriole

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11
Q

site of filtration in the kidney’s contains salts, water, glucose, urea, and amino acids

A

bowman’s capsule

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12
Q

outer parenchyma of the kidney that contains the renal corpus and proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the nephron

A

cortex

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13
Q

another term for the renal fascia; the kidney is covered by the renal capsule, perirenal fat, greota’s fascia, and perarenal fat

A

gerota’s fascia

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14
Q

area of kidney where vessels, ureters, and lymphatics enter and exit the kidney

A

hilus/ hilum

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15
Q

receives urine from the minor calyces to convey to the renal pelvis

A

major calyces

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16
Q

receives urine from the renal pyramids; form the boarder of the renal sinus

A

minor calyces

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17
Q

functional unit of the kidney; includes the renal corpuscle and renal tubule

A

nephron

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18
Q

part of the nephron that consists of bowman’s capsule and the glomerulus

A

renal corpuscle

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19
Q

area in the midportion of the kidney that collects urine before entering the ureter

A

renal pelvis

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20
Q

space behind the peritoneal lining of abdominal cavity

A

retroperitoneum

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21
Q

small, membranous canal that excretes urine from the bladder

A

urethra

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22
Q

small vessels found at the base of the renal pyramids; appear as echogenic structures

A

arcuate arteries

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23
Q

lab tests that measure amount of nitrogenous waste

A

BUN (blood urea nitrogen)

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24
Q

part of the collecting system adjacent to the pyramid that collects urine and is connected to the major calyx

A

calyx

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25
Q

a product of metabolism; lab test that measures the ability of the kidney to get rid of waste

A

creatinine

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26
Q

small vessel carries blood from glomerulus of nephron and conducts blood to the peritubular capillaries that surround the renal tubule

A

efferent arteriole

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27
Q

network of capillaries that are part of the filtration process in the kidney

A

glomerulus

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28
Q

maintenance of normal body physiology

A

homeostasis

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29
Q

portion of the renal tubule lying between the prox and distal convoluted tubule portions; reabsorption of fluid, sodium, chloride occurs here and in prox tubule

A

loop of henle

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30
Q

the urinary system includes: __ kidney’s
__ ureters
__ bladders
__ urethras

A

2
2
1
1

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31
Q

what makes up the upper urinary tract

A

kidney’s and ureters

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32
Q

what makes up the lower urinary tract

A

bladder and urethra

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33
Q

Kidneys are ____ organs that lie one on each side of the spine between the ___ and ___ muscles

A
  • retroperitoneal
  • peritoneum
  • back
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34
Q

the right kidney is ___ than the left

A

lower

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35
Q

ureters are ____ organs that originate at the ___

A
  • retroperitoneal

- hilum

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36
Q

ureters extend ___ along psoas muscle to enter the bladder ___

A
  • inferiorly

- posteriorly

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37
Q

urinary bladder is ___ to the pubis symphis

A

posterior

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38
Q

male urethra is ___ than female

A

longer

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39
Q

male urethra serves as pathway for ___

A

seminal fluid

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40
Q

right kidney is ___ to:

  • right lobe of liver
  • 2nd part of duodenum
  • hepatic flexture
  • jejunum / SI
A

posterior

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41
Q

right kidney is ____ to:

  • diaphragm
  • twelfth rib
  • psoas muscle
  • quadratus lumborum
  • trv abdominis muscle
A

anterior

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42
Q 
left kidney is \_\_ to:
-left adrenal gland
-spleen
-pancreas
-stomach
left colic flexture
-colis of jejunum
A

posterior

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43
Q

left kidney is ___ to:

  • diaphragm
  • eleventh & twelfth rib
  • psoas muscle
  • quadratus lumborum
  • trv abdominis muscle
A

anterior

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44
Q

__ are anterosuperior and slightly medial to kidney’s

A

adrenal gland

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45
Q

__ artery can be used to follow the ureter

A

common iliac (CIA)

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46
Q

ureter runs anterior to ___ & ___

A

psoas muscle & bifurcation of CIA

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47
Q

male urinary bladder is anterior to (2) & superior to (1)

A
  • seminal vesicle
  • rectum
  • prostate
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48
Q

female bladder is anterior to (3)

A
  • vagina
  • posterior cul de sac
  • rectum
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49
Q

length of kidney

A

9-12cm

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50
Q
  1. tough fibrous capsule
  2. perirenal fat
  3. gerota’s fascia
  4. pararenal fat
A

protective coverings for kidney

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51
Q

peri

A

inside

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52
Q

para

A

outside

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53
Q

1st layer covering kidney

A

capsule

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54
Q

2nd layer covering kidney, continuous with the sinus fat

A

perirenal fat / perinephric?

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55
Q

3rd layer covering kidney, anchors kidney

A

gerota’s fascia / perirenal fascia

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56
Q

4th layer surrounding kidney, thicker

A

pararenal fat

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57
Q

The ____ anchors the kidneys and limits any infection arising from them.

A

renal fascia / gerota’s fascia

58
Q

another name for adipose capsule, packing fat of zuckerkandl

A

perinephric fat

59
Q

another name for perirenal fascia/ perinephric fascia

A

fascia of gerota

60
Q

another name for pararenal body

A

pararenal fat

61
Q

another name fore true capsule, fibrous capsule

A

renal capsule

62
Q

renal parenchyma consists of (2)

A

cortex & medulla

63
Q

apex of the pyramid sits within the ___

A

minor calyx

64
Q

of renal pyramids

A

8-18

65
Q

renal papilla also called

A

apex of pyramid

66
Q

t/f: the papilla project into the lumen of the minor calyces

A

true

67
Q

Portion of the kidney that consists of a single pyramid bordered by arteries and veins

A

renal lobes

68
Q

parts of the infundibulum collecting system

A

major & minor calyx

69
Q

2 parts of collecting system

A
  1. infundibulum

2. renal pelvis

70
Q

path of urine drainage (6)

A
  1. papillary duct in renal pyramid
  2. minor calyx
  3. major calyx
  4. renal pelvis
  5. ureter
  6. bladder
71
Q

main renal arteries arise from ___

A

aorta

72
Q

renal arteries

A

segmental
interlobar
arcuate
interlobular

73
Q

renal veins drain into ___

A

IVC

74
Q

left renal vein receives blood from ____ & ___ veins

A

left suprarenal & gonadal

75
Q

flow of blood from aorta

A
  1. renal artery
  2. segmental artery
  3. interlobar artery
  4. arcuate artery
  5. inerlobular artery
  6. afferent arteriole
  7. glomerulus
  8. efferent arteriole
76
Q

flow of blood returning to ivc from peritubular capillaries

A
  1. interlobular vein
  2. arcuate vein
  3. interlobar vein
  4. renal vein
  5. ivc
77
Q

renal medulla is ___ when filled with urine on US

A

anechoic

78
Q

renal sinus has ___ boarders

A

irregular

79
Q

pediatric renal cortex is __ relative to cortex in adult kidney

A

hyperechoic

80
Q

renal medulla is __ seen in pediatricts and ___ seen in adults

A
  • easily

- poorly

81
Q

muscles surrounding kideny

A
  • quadratus lumborum

- psoas muscle

82
Q

muscles are seen ___ compared to kidney on US

A

hypoechoic

83
Q

location of morrison’s pouch

A

between kidney and liver

  • anterior to kidney
  • inferior to liver
84
Q

what is transient pyelectasis

A

collecting system is dialated and anechoic bc of full bladder

85
Q

how to resolve pyelectasis

A

void (go pee)

86
Q

Right renal artery courses ___ to IVC

A

posterior

87
Q

left renal vein courses __ to aorta and __ to SMA

A
  • anterior

- posterior

88
Q

where do you see urethral jets

A

where ureters enter bladder at the trigone

89
Q

t/f: ureters are always visible on US

A

False, only when dialated

90
Q

why is the bladder measurement useful

A

determines if patient can empty properly

91
Q

function of urinary system

A

urine production and homeostasis

-regulate electrolytes, acid-base balance, BP, BV, salts, water

92
Q

function of kidneys

A

remove waste from blood and produce urine

93
Q

t/f: urinary system functions independently

A

true

94
Q

intake and excretion of salt and water regulated through the____system

A

renin-angiostensin

95
Q

glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion are important part of ___

A

urine formation

96
Q

function of nephron

A

filter blood and produce urine

97
Q

2 main structures of nephron

A

renal corpuscle & tubule

98
Q

renal corpuscle function

A

filter blood

99
Q

renal tubule function

A

filter fluid

100
Q

parts of renal tubule

A
  • proximal and distal convoluted tubule
  • loop of henle
  • collecting duct
101
Q

There are over ____ microscopic nephrons in each kidney.

A

a million

102
Q

filtration is the __ step and occurs at the ___

A

1st

glomulerus

103
Q

afferent arterioles carry blood in due to ___ __

A

pressure gradient

104
Q

water, salts, glucose, urea, AA are part of

A

filtrate

105
Q

___ ___ forces water to return to the blood stream

A

osmotic pressure

106
Q

tubular reabsorption occurs in ___

A

proximal convoluted tubule, ascending & descending loop of henle

107
Q

tubular reabsorption occurs via ___ transport

A

active

108
Q

tubular secretion occurs in

A

distal convoluted tubule

109
Q

urine exits the distal convoluted tubule into the ___

A

collecting duct

110
Q

waste products secreted into the distal convoluted tubule

A

ammonia, drugs, hydrogen , potassium

111
Q

flow of fluid though corticle nephron starting at glomerulus (bowman’s capsule)

A
  1. bowmans capsule
  2. proximal convoluted tubule
  3. descending loop of henle
  4. ascending loop of henle
  5. distal convoluted tubule
  6. collecting duct
  7. minor & major calyces
  8. ureters
112
Q

ADH is released from __

A

pituitary gland

113
Q

when too much water is in the blood, ADH release is __ and the kidney’s excrete __ water and urine output is ___

A
  • decreased
  • more
  • increased
114
Q

ADH causes the kidneys to release ___ water, __ the amount of urine produced

A

less

decreasing

115
Q

high ADH level causes body to release ___ water

A

less

116
Q

When there is not enough water in the blood, ADH release is ___ and the kidneys excrete less water and urine output is decreased.

A

increased

117
Q

Aldosterone is produces by

A

adrenal cortex

118
Q

aldosterone causes salt and water to be ___ into the bloodstream from the distal tubule

A

reabsorbed

119
Q

juxtaglomerulus apparatus helps regulate ___

A

BP

120
Q

When a decrease in blood volume is detected ___ is released from cells in the afferent arteriole, acting on angiotensinogen in the blood to increase systemic pressure

A

renin

121
Q

modified cells of the ___ convoluted tubule and afferent arterial help regulate blood pressure

A

distal

122
Q

Erythropoietin hormone is released in response to ____ oxygen

A

decreased

123
Q

Causes RBCs to be produced and released into the bloodstream, this enhances the ability of the blood to carry oxygen

A

erythropoietin

124
Q

T/F: There may be a 50% loss of renal function before the blood levels are elevated on these tests

A

true

125
Q

Elevation in creatinine means ____ in renal function

A

disturbance

126
Q

Nitrogenous compound formed as an end product of muscle metabolism

A

creatinine

127
Q

Formed in muscle in small amounts, passed into blood and excreted in urine

A

creatinine

128
Q

end product of protein metabolism and is readily excreted , concentration is normally low

A

urea

129
Q

___ level measures renal function

A

BUN

130
Q

____ BUN May lead to mental confusion, disorientation and coma

A

elevated

131
Q

Kidneys ability to excrete urea is impaired or reduced renal blood flow (dehydration and urinary tract obstructions) occur with

A

rising BUN level

132
Q

measures how well the kidneys remove waste and excess fluid from the blood.

A

glomerular filtration rate

133
Q

increase specific gravity means

A

kidneys are preserving water

134
Q

decrease glomerular filtration rate means

A

renal disease

135
Q

increase in ___ and ___ indicate renal diseas

A

BUN & creatinine

136
Q

normal BUN level

A

26mg/dL

137
Q

normal creatinine level

A

1.1mg/dL

138
Q

normal glomerular filtration rate

A

90+

139
Q

normal specific gravity

A

1.1-1.025

140
Q

afferent arterioles extend to the ___

A

nephrons

IMG1034 Abdominal sonography (9 decks)

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