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IMG1034 Abdominal sonography > Week 10- Urinary system > Flashcards

Week 10- Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 sets of kidneys in embryo

A
  1. pronephros
  2. mesonephros
  3. metanephros
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2
Q

pronephroi are in __ week gestation they are rudimentary and ____ functional

A
  • early4th

- non

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3
Q

mesonephroi are in __ week gestation and function as interim kidneys until the __ week

A
  • late 4th

- 9th

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4
Q

metanephroi are ___ kidneys

A

pernament

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5
Q

metaphorni develop from 2 sources:

A
  1. ureteric bud

2. metanephrogenic blastema

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6
Q

__ forms the ureter, renal pelvis, calyces, and collecting ducst

A

ureteric bud

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7
Q

Ureteric bud interacts with and penetrates the ___ blastema

A

metanephrogenic

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8
Q

permanent kidneys start in the ___ and travel __ to end up in the ___ retroperitoneum

A
  • pelvis
  • up
  • upper
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9
Q

T/F: kidney’s rotate medially 90 degrees as they move up in abdomen so the renal pelvis is anteromedial

A

true

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10
Q

week __ of gestation is when the final location and position of kidney’s is reached

A

9th

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11
Q

bladder is formed in the __ week of gestation

A

7th

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12
Q

what is formed by urorectal septum fusing with cloacal membrane

A

bladder

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13
Q

urogenital sinus becomes the

A

bladder

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14
Q

the following occurs as bladder ____:

  1. distal mesonephric ducts become part of the connective tissue in the bladder trigone
  2. ureters open separately into the bladder
A

becomes larger

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15
Q

___ & ___ originate from adjacent splanchnic messenchyma

A

Connective Tissue & Smooth muscle

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16
Q

epithelium of female urethra and majority of male urethra epithelium is derived from the ___

A

endoderm of the urogenital sinus

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17
Q

anomaly where the distal ureter balloons at it’s opening into the bladder forming a sac like pouch

A

ureterocele

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18
Q
  1. patent urachus
  2. urachal cyst
  3. umbillical-urachal sinus
  4. vesicourachal diverticulum
    are all types of ___ anomoly
A

urachal

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19
Q

communication bw the bladder and umbillicus through urachus that has not involuted (50%)

A

patent urachus

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20
Q

a fliud-filled dialation of the mid urachus (30%)

A

urachal cyst

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21
Q

blind focal dilation of the mid urachus

A

umbillical-urachal sinus

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22
Q

blind focal dilation of the bladder end of the urachus

A

vesicourachal diverticulum

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23
Q

difference bw agenesis and hypoplasia

A 
agenesis 
-unilateral or bilateral 
-kidney is absent 
hypoplasia
-kidney is present but very small and may not function as well
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24
Q

an extra kidney that can be found superior, inferior, anterior or posterior to the normal kidney, but smaller

A

supernumerary

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25
Q

where do horseshoe kidneys normally connect at

A

isthmus (lower pole)

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26
Q

in hoseshoe kidney’s the renal parenchyma can be found ___ to the aorta and IVC

A

anterior

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27
Q

what is the most common kidney anomaly?

A

horseshoe

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28
Q

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction is common kidney anomaly found predominantly in ___

A

men

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29
Q

common location of ureteropelvic obstruction?

A

left kidney but can be bilateral

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30
Q

chronic vague back or flank pain is indication of what kidney anomaly?

A

UPJ (ureteropelvic junction) obstruction

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31
Q

obstruction of flow from the pelvis to the proximal ureter

A

UPJ

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32
Q

UPJ obstruction will cause ___ renal pelvis

A

enlarged

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33
Q

enlargement of the ureter not caused by distal abnormality of urethra or bladder

A

congenital megaureter

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34
Q

sonographically appear as a large anechoic tube from kidney to bladder and measures >7mm

A

congenital megaureter

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35
Q

anomaly where one or both kidney’s are outside of the renal fossa

A

renal ectopia

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36
Q

if kidneys are not in renal fossa where can they most likely be found

A

pelvis or lower abdomen

37
Q

anomaly where both kidneys are on the same side

A

cross fused ectopia

38
Q

the __ of the ectopic kidney is typically fused on the __ of the other kidney in cross fused ectopia

A
  • UP

- LP

39
Q

T/F: in cross fused ectopia the ureters insert posteriorly in the bladder trigone

A

TRUE

40
Q

renal anomalies have a high association with what other type of anomalies

A

genial

41
Q

triangular echogenic area of sinus fat extends into the cortex and divides the upper and lower poles of the kidney

A

parenchymal junction defect

42
Q

incomplete fusion of the developing renal lobules and appears as “clould” like on US with indentations between renal pyramids

A

fetal lobulation

43
Q

occurs when renal sinus is divided and each has a renal pelvis. A bifid (double) ureter may also be present

A

duplex collecting system

44
Q

localized buldge on the lateral border of the kidney.

A

dromedary hump

45
Q

dromedary hump is __-echoic to normal renal cortex

A

isoechoic

46
Q

hypertrophied column of bertin causes

A

enlargement of cortex bw renal pyramids, amy indent renal sinus

47
Q

presence of the renal pelvis outside of the renal hilum, easier to demonstrate in trv

A

extrarenal pelvis

48
Q

extrarenal pelvis sonographic appearance

A

anechoic balloon like structure protruding from the hilum

49
Q

adrenal glands are __and __ to the kidneys

A

anteromedial and superior

50
Q

right adrenal is more __ to the kidney and the left adrenal is more ___ to kidney

A
  • superior

- medial

51
Q

right adrenal medial portion is ___ to the IVC

A

posterior

52
Q

right adrenal lateral portion is ___ and ___ to the right lobe of liver

A
  • medial

- posterior

53
Q

left adrenal is _____ to aorta

A

posterolateral

54
Q

left adrenal is ___ to the stomach and pancreas

A

posterior

55
Q

the __ adrenal gland is triangular and caps the upper pole of __

A

right

right kidney

56
Q

the __ adrenal gland is semilunar and extends along the ___ border of the __ from the UP to hilum

A

left
medial
left kidney

57
Q

adrenal glands are ___-echoic to kidney

A

hypoechoic

58
Q

size of adrenal gland

A

3-6cm

59
Q

blood supplied to adrenal glands by

A

suprarenal artery

60
Q

blood drained from adrenal by

A

suprarenal veins

61
Q

difference between L and R suprarenal arteries

A

left is branch of inferior phrenic, right is directly from aorta

62
Q

neonatal adrenal glands have a thin __ core surrounded by a thick ___ zone

A

echogenic

hypoechoic

63
Q

thick hyopoechoic zone

A

adrenal cortex

64
Q

thin echogenic core

A

adrenal medulla

65
Q

t/f: neonatal adrenal glands are larger than adult glands

A

true

66
Q

secretes a range of steroid hormones, controlled by ACTH from pituitary gland, consist of 3 zones

A

cortex

67
Q

secretes epinephrine and norepinephrin

A

medulla

68
Q

3 zones of adrenal cortex

A
  1. zona glomerulosa
  2. zona fasiculata
  3. zona reticularis
69
Q

what zone regulates electrolyte metabolism

A

glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids)

70
Q

___ is the principle mineralocorticoid

A

aldosterone

71
Q

insufficient aldosterone leads to increased excretion of salt and chloride ions and water in urine resulting in ___

A

acidosis, lower pH

72
Q

zone responsible for carbohydrate metabolism

A

fasiculata (glucocorticoids)

73
Q

primary glucocorticoids

A

cortisone and hydrocortisone

74
Q

glucocorticoids increase ___ levels

A

Blood sugar

75
Q

diminishes allergic and inflammatory response

A

glucocorticoids

76
Q

zone responsible for sex hormones

A

zona reticularis

77
Q

androgens

A

male sex hormone

78
Q

estrogens

A

female sex hormones

79
Q

t/f: both sex hormones are secreted by the reticularis adrenal gland zone regardless of gender

A

true

80
Q

in excess, ___ can cause hirsutism and virilization in females and precocious puberty in males

A

sex hormones (androgens & estrogen)

81
Q

medulla produces catecholamines ___ & ___

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

82
Q

epinephrine

A

heart rate accelerator

83
Q

norepinephrine

A

vasoconstrictor

84
Q

___ produces hormones for flight of fight response

A

medulla

85
Q

adrenal glands should NOT appear __ on US

A

round

86
Q

typically adrenals are best seen in ___ plane, through a___ window

A

trv

intercostal

87
Q

LAG is ___ to UP of LK

A

anterior

88
Q

RAG is ___ to IVC and __ to RK

A

posterior

superior

89
Q 
Thickened crus
Accessory spleen
Gastric fundus/diverticulum
RV
Retrocrual/retroperitoneal  lymphadenopathy
Pancreatic tumor
UP renal cysts/tumor
A

structures that simulate adrenal masses

IMG1034 Abdominal sonography (9 decks)

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