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IMG1034 Abdominal sonography > Week 10- Urinary system > Flashcards

Week 10- Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 sets of kidneys in embryo

A
  1. pronephros
  2. mesonephros
  3. metanephros
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2
Q

pronephroi are in __ week gestation they are rudimentary and ____ functional

A
  • early4th

- non

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3
Q

mesonephroi are in __ week gestation and function as interim kidneys until the __ week

A
  • late 4th

- 9th

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4
Q

metanephroi are ___ kidneys

A

pernament

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5
Q

metaphorni develop from 2 sources:

A
  1. ureteric bud

2. metanephrogenic blastema

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6
Q

__ forms the ureter, renal pelvis, calyces, and collecting ducst

A

ureteric bud

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7
Q

Ureteric bud interacts with and penetrates the ___ blastema

A

metanephrogenic

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8
Q

permanent kidneys start in the ___ and travel __ to end up in the ___ retroperitoneum

A
  • pelvis
  • up
  • upper
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9
Q

T/F: kidney’s rotate medially 90 degrees as they move up in abdomen so the renal pelvis is anteromedial

A

true

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10
Q

week __ of gestation is when the final location and position of kidney’s is reached

A

9th

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11
Q

bladder is formed in the __ week of gestation

A

7th

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12
Q

what is formed by urorectal septum fusing with cloacal membrane

A

bladder

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13
Q

urogenital sinus becomes the

A

bladder

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14
Q

the following occurs as bladder ____:

  1. distal mesonephric ducts become part of the connective tissue in the bladder trigone
  2. ureters open separately into the bladder
A

becomes larger

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15
Q

___ & ___ originate from adjacent splanchnic messenchyma

A

Connective Tissue & Smooth muscle

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16
Q

epithelium of female urethra and majority of male urethra epithelium is derived from the ___

A

endoderm of the urogenital sinus

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17
Q

anomaly where the distal ureter balloons at it’s opening into the bladder forming a sac like pouch

A

ureterocele

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18
Q
  1. patent urachus
  2. urachal cyst
  3. umbillical-urachal sinus
  4. vesicourachal diverticulum
    are all types of ___ anomoly
A

urachal

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19
Q

communication bw the bladder and umbillicus through urachus that has not involuted (50%)

A

patent urachus

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20
Q

a fliud-filled dialation of the mid urachus (30%)

A

urachal cyst

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21
Q

blind focal dilation of the mid urachus

A

umbillical-urachal sinus

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22
Q

blind focal dilation of the bladder end of the urachus

A

vesicourachal diverticulum

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23
Q

difference bw agenesis and hypoplasia

A 
agenesis 
-unilateral or bilateral 
-kidney is absent 
hypoplasia
-kidney is present but very small and may not function as well
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24
Q

an extra kidney that can be found superior, inferior, anterior or posterior to the normal kidney, but smaller

A

supernumerary

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25
where do horseshoe kidneys normally connect at
isthmus (lower pole)
26
in hoseshoe kidney's the renal parenchyma can be found ___ to the aorta and IVC
anterior
27
what is the most common kidney anomaly?
horseshoe
28
Ureteropelvic junction obstruction is common kidney anomaly found predominantly in ___
men
29
common location of ureteropelvic obstruction?
left kidney but can be bilateral
30
chronic vague back or flank pain is indication of what kidney anomaly?
UPJ (ureteropelvic junction) obstruction
31
obstruction of flow from the pelvis to the proximal ureter
UPJ
32
UPJ obstruction will cause ___ renal pelvis
enlarged
33
enlargement of the ureter not caused by distal abnormality of urethra or bladder
congenital megaureter
34
sonographically appear as a large anechoic tube from kidney to bladder and measures >7mm
congenital megaureter
35
anomaly where one or both kidney's are outside of the renal fossa
renal ectopia
36
if kidneys are not in renal fossa where can they most likely be found
pelvis or lower abdomen
37
anomaly where both kidneys are on the same side
cross fused ectopia
38
the __ of the ectopic kidney is typically fused on the __ of the other kidney in cross fused ectopia
- UP | - LP
39
T/F: in cross fused ectopia the ureters insert posteriorly in the bladder trigone
TRUE
40
renal anomalies have a high association with what other type of anomalies
genial
41
triangular echogenic area of sinus fat extends into the cortex and divides the upper and lower poles of the kidney
parenchymal junction defect
42
incomplete fusion of the developing renal lobules and appears as "clould" like on US with indentations between renal pyramids
fetal lobulation
43
occurs when renal sinus is divided and each has a renal pelvis. A bifid (double) ureter may also be present
duplex collecting system
44
localized buldge on the lateral border of the kidney.
dromedary hump
45
dromedary hump is __-echoic to normal renal cortex
isoechoic
46
hypertrophied column of bertin causes
enlargement of cortex bw renal pyramids, amy indent renal sinus
47
presence of the renal pelvis outside of the renal hilum, easier to demonstrate in trv
extrarenal pelvis
48
extrarenal pelvis sonographic appearance
anechoic balloon like structure protruding from the hilum
49
adrenal glands are __and __ to the kidneys
anteromedial and superior
50
right adrenal is more __ to the kidney and the left adrenal is more ___ to kidney
- superior | - medial
51
right adrenal medial portion is ___ to the IVC
posterior
52
right adrenal lateral portion is ___ and ___ to the right lobe of liver
- medial | - posterior
53
left adrenal is _____ to aorta
posterolateral
54
left adrenal is ___ to the stomach and pancreas
posterior
55
the __ adrenal gland is triangular and caps the upper pole of __
right | right kidney
56
the __ adrenal gland is semilunar and extends along the ___ border of the __ from the UP to hilum
left medial left kidney
57
adrenal glands are ___-echoic to kidney
hypoechoic
58
size of adrenal gland
3-6cm
59
blood supplied to adrenal glands by
suprarenal artery
60
blood drained from adrenal by
suprarenal veins
61
difference between L and R suprarenal arteries
left is branch of inferior phrenic, right is directly from aorta
62
neonatal adrenal glands have a thin __ core surrounded by a thick ___ zone
echogenic | hypoechoic
63
thick hyopoechoic zone
adrenal cortex
64
thin echogenic core
adrenal medulla
65
t/f: neonatal adrenal glands are larger than adult glands
true
66
secretes a range of steroid hormones, controlled by ACTH from pituitary gland, consist of 3 zones
cortex
67
secretes epinephrine and norepinephrin
medulla
68
3 zones of adrenal cortex
1. zona glomerulosa 2. zona fasiculata 3. zona reticularis
69
what zone regulates electrolyte metabolism
glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids)
70
___ is the principle mineralocorticoid
aldosterone
71
insufficient aldosterone leads to increased excretion of salt and chloride ions and water in urine resulting in ___
acidosis, lower pH
72
zone responsible for carbohydrate metabolism
fasiculata (glucocorticoids)
73
primary glucocorticoids
cortisone and hydrocortisone
74
glucocorticoids increase ___ levels
Blood sugar
75
diminishes allergic and inflammatory response
glucocorticoids
76
zone responsible for sex hormones
zona reticularis
77
androgens
male sex hormone
78
estrogens
female sex hormones
79
t/f: both sex hormones are secreted by the reticularis adrenal gland zone regardless of gender
true
80
in excess, ___ can cause hirsutism and virilization in females and precocious puberty in males
sex hormones (androgens & estrogen)
81
medulla produces catecholamines ___ & ___
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
82
epinephrine
heart rate accelerator
83
norepinephrine
vasoconstrictor
84
___ produces hormones for flight of fight response
medulla
85
adrenal glands should NOT appear __ on US
round
86
typically adrenals are best seen in ___ plane, through a___ window
trv | intercostal
87
LAG is ___ to UP of LK
anterior
88
RAG is ___ to IVC and __ to RK
posterior | superior
89
``` Thickened crus Accessory spleen Gastric fundus/diverticulum RV Retrocrual/retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy Pancreatic tumor UP renal cysts/tumor ```
structures that simulate adrenal masses

IMG1034 Abdominal sonography (9 decks)

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