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img1034 abdominal sonography > Week 11- Male Pelvis > Flashcards

Week 11- Male Pelvis Flashcards

1
Q

Reproductive duct that extends from the epididymis the the ejaculatory duct

A

Vas deferens

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2
Q

Superior portion of the prostate gland, which is located below the inferior margin of the urinary bladder

A

base

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3
Q

Inferior portion of the prostate gland, which is located superior to the urogenital diaphragm

A

apex

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4
Q

A longitudinal ridge within the prostatic urethral wall where the orifices of the ejaculatory ducts are located on either side.

A

verumontanum

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5
Q

Demarcation between the inner gland and the outer gland, which normally appears hypochoic.

A

surgical capsule

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6
Q

Duct that passes through the central zone and empties into the urethra; originates from the combination of the vas deferens and the seminal vesicle.

A

ejaculatory duct

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7
Q

Describe the transrectal sonographic technique used to evaluate the prostate gland, including patient preparation, positioning,, image orientation, and any contraindications to the study.

A

The most common approach is the endorectal approach because it results in improved visualization of the gland and surrounding structures. The patient’s bladder must be empty. The patient is placed in the left lateral decubitus position with the knees bent into the chest. Gel and a probe cover are placed over the probe and lubricating gel is applied to the probe. The transducer is then inserted into the rectal cavity. The ultrasound image is inverted during a prostate examination with the near field at the bottom of the image and the far field at the top. In the transverse plane, the right lobe of the gland is at the left side of the image and the left lobe of the gland is on the right side. In the sagittal plane, the base of the gland is at the left side of the image and the apex of the gland is at the right side of the image. Contraindications include rectal fissures, rectal tumors, thrombosed hemorrhoids, and prostatitis, which may prevent insertion of the probe due to patient discomfort

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8
Q

Where is the location of the seminal vesicles?

A

Posterior to the urinary bladder

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9
Q

Denonvilliers’ fascia

A

lies between the rectum and the prostate.

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10
Q

The prostate is laterally supported by which of the following?

A

the obturator internus and levator ani muscles.

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11
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of the four zones within the glandular prostate?

A

Prostatic urethral

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12
Q

Which zone of the glandular prostate is located at its superior edge?

A

Central

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13
Q

The anterior fibromuscular region, or stroma, is ___ to the prostatic urethra.

A

anterior

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14
Q

The prostatic urethra is divided into proximal and distal segments by which of the following.

A

the verumontanum.

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15
Q

The inferior margin of the prostate is called?

A

the apex

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16
Q

Which of the following diagnostic tests is second only to direct physical palpation of the prostate by a urologist?

A

Sonography

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17
Q

The seminal vesicles are encapsulated by___

A

connective tissue

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18
Q

t/f: The ejaculatory ducts enter the prostate at its superior margin.

A

FALSE

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19
Q

The transition zone is made up of a single lobe superior to the verumontanum.

A

FALSE

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20
Q

Sperm could not survive to complete the process of reproduction without the secretions of ________________.

A

the accessory organs???

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21
Q

The prostate normally measures approximately __________ wide.

A

4cm

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22
Q

Each seminal vesicle measures less than __________ in diameter.

A

1.1cm

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23
Q

Normal serum prostatic specific antigen is less than __________.

A

4

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24
Q

Which prostate zone borders the central zone posteriorly and laterally?

A

peripheral zone

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25
Q

The tissue that lines the proximal prostatic urethra forms which prostate zone?

A

periurethral zone

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26
Q

glandular zone located at the superior edge bordering the bladder and seminal vesicles

A

central zone

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27
Q

inferior to urinary bladder, posterior to symphysis pubis, anterior to rectum

A

prostate

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28
Q

paired gland posterior to bladder, superior to prostate

A

seminal vesicles

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29
Q

benign ductal ectasia seen in ___ men

A

older

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30
Q

visible as single or grouped 1-2mm diameter tubular structures in peripheral zone

A

benign ductal ectasia

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31
Q

t/f: benign ductal ectasia can be mistaken for cancer bc of hypoechoic area

A

true

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32
Q

normal finding, common with increasing age, show as bright echogenic foci or clumps in prostate

A

prostatic calcifications and corpora amylacea

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33
Q

create a “twinkle artifact” on colour doppler

A

corpa amylacea

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34
Q

corpora amylacea has __ clinical significance and typically develop along ____ capsule

A

NO

surgical

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35
Q

proteinaceous debris in dialated prostatic ducts

A

corpora amylacea

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36
Q

corpora amylacea can cause sound attenuation that prevents ___ exams

A

transrectal (TRUS)

37
Q

t/f: TRUS commonly preformed by general sonographer

A

FALSE usually by radiologist bc of sensitive area

38
Q

prostate associated tests after US

A

MRI

biopsy

39
Q

sigmoid colon is in the __ pelvis

A

true

40
Q

__ is continuous with the descending colon and is loosly attached to the posterior abdominal wall by ___

A
  • sigmoid colon

- mesocolon

41
Q

sigmoid colon courses ___ towards the rectum

A

inferioposteriorly

42
Q

t/f: rectum is fixed in position

A

true

43
Q

small bowel is displaced out of true pelvis when ___

A

bladder is full (TA)

44
Q

on ___ peristalsis can be seen in small bowel surrounding the uterus

A

empty bladder (TV)

45
Q

anything below the ileocecal opening is considered

A

cecum

46
Q

cecum is located in what quadrant

A

RLQ

47
Q

blind ending tubular structure in RLQ

A

appendix

48
Q

appendix has characteristic __

A

gut signature

49
Q

muscular sac that stores urine

A

bladder

50
Q

4 layers of bladder

A
  1. inner mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis
  4. serosa
51
Q

t/f: mucosa folds when bladder is empty

A

true

52
Q

serosa is the outermost layer at the superior portion and is an extention of ___

A

peritoneum

53
Q

inferior bladder composed of

A

trigone & neck

54
Q

trigone job

A

communicate with ureters and urethra

55
Q

separates the pubic symphysis from anterior bladder wall

A

space of retzius

56
Q

bladder wall measurement

A

3-6mm

57
Q

ureters can be seen through __ exam

A

TV

58
Q

ureters course ___ in the pelvis to the orifice in the ___

A

posteromedial

trigone

59
Q

t/f: urethra can be seen TV

A

true

60
Q

anechoic tube from neck of bladder to the external orifice

A

urethra

61
Q

pelvic musculature on either side of the lateral bladder walls

A

ileopsoas (PSOAS & ILIACUS)

62
Q

pelvic musculature posterior and medial to ileopsoas

A

obturator internus

63
Q

pelvic diaphragm

A

levator ani (puboccygeus, iliococcygeus, puborectalis) , coccygeus

64
Q

pelvic musculature posterior to uterus, anterior to sacrum

A

piriformis

65
Q

pelvic musculature most anterior portion of abdominopelvic wall

A

rectus abdominus

66
Q

t/f: lymph nodes are routinely seen on US

A

false

67
Q

abnormal lymph nodes typically surround ___ and ___ walls

A

vessels

pelvis sidewalls

68
Q

best exam to see lymph nodes (TA or TV)

A

TV

69
Q

when zones are compared on US, the peripheral zone may ppear more echogenic that which of the following:

  1. central
  2. transitional
  3. periurethral
  4. all of the above
A

4

70
Q

t/f: the periurethral tissue can be easily differentiated from the anterior fibromuscular stroma

A

false

71
Q

semen is composed of

  1. 60% alkaline fructose, 13-33% alkaline fluid, sperm
  2. 13-33% alkaline fructose, 70% alkaline fluid, sperm
  3. 70% alkaline fructose, 13-33% sperm, acid fluids
  4. 60% sperm, 13-33% alkaline fluid, fructose
A

1

72
Q

when imaging glandular prostate the best technique to describe the prostate is to use

  1. regions
  2. zones
  3. A&P terminology
  4. medial & lateral terminology
A

2

73
Q

which statement is NOT true about seminal vesicles

  1. they are paired glands
  2. they are posterior to the bladder and inferior to the prostate
  3. each gland empties into the distal ductus deferes
  4. they help from the ejaculatory duct
A

2 - they are superior to the prostate

74
Q

the transition zone lines the proximal prostatic urethra

A

false, the periurethral glandular zone lines the prostatic urethra

75
Q

the seminal vesicle joins with the ductus deferens to form the ejaculatory ducts

A

true

76
Q

t/f: only alkaline fluid is produced by the seminal vesicles

A

false - also fructose

77
Q

the anterior fibromuscular region or stroma

  1. is anterior to most of the zonal anatomy
  2. is more clinically significant than posterior glandular
  3. accounds for most of the weight of the prostate
  4. lies adjacent to the seminal vesicles
A

1

78
Q

which areas are posterior to the periurethral zone

  1. central, anterior fibromuscular, transition zone
  2. central, transition, and verumontanum
  3. central, peripheral, and verumontanum
  4. central, peripheral, and seminal vesicles
A

3

79
Q

alkaline, viscous, fructose is produced by the prostate gland

A

false - no fructose from prostate only from seminal vesicles

80
Q

the part of the prostate that is in contact with the bladder is the

A

base

81
Q

on a sonogram of the prostate and seminal vesicles, the prostate appears ___-echoic to the seminal vesicles

A

hyperechoic

82
Q

the prostate is supported by the

A

obturator internus and levator ani muscles

83
Q

the largest portion of the prostate is the

A

peripheral zone

84
Q

the prostate weights

A

20g

85
Q

the part of the prostate that provides an exit for the urethra is the

A

apex

86
Q

the area closest to the center of the prostate is called the

A

verumontanum

87
Q

denonviller’s fascia

  1. is the external coating of the seminal vesicles
  2. lies between the prostate and rectum
  3. denonvillier’s fascia
  4. lines the external wall of the urinary bladder
A

2

88
Q

the peripheral zone comprises what percentage of the glandular prostate

A

70%

img1034 abdominal sonography (9 decks)

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